Azinamthelela izingqungquthela zokulwa nenkohlakalo
KuNdasa nonyaka kuzobanjwa ingqungquthela yeNhlangano ebizwa ngePan-African Network Conference on Fighting Illicit Financial Flows in Africa.
Lolu wumbimbi lwezinhlaka ezahlukene e-Afrika olwasungulelwa ukuthola izisombululo mayelana nokuphuma kwezimali ezwenikazi ngezindlela ezingekho emthethweni. Lolu mbimbi lwasungulwa ngowe-2015 emveni kokushicilelwa komqulu we Komiti eliphezulu elalisungulelwe ukuphenya ngalempicabadala.
Kokuningi okwavezwa yileli Komiti kwaba wukuthi “inani lesamba esihlanganisiwe sokuphuma okungekho emthethweni kwezimali likhuphuke lisuka cishe kwizigidigidi ezi-4 zama United States Dollar ngowe-1990 laya kwizigidigidi ezi-50 zama United States Dollar ngowe-2015”.
Abagqugquzeli balengqungquthela okubalwa kubo iNhlangano yamazwe ase Afrika i-African Union (AU) – nezobanjwa ngaphansi kwesihloko esithi izenzo azikhulume ukwedlula amazwi (From Words to Actions) bayithatha njengebonakalisa ugqozi lokubhekana ngqo nalesehlava sokuphuma kwezimali kulelizwekazi ngezindlela eziphambene nemithetho emisiwe. Lokuphuma kwezimali ngalezindlela ezwenikazi kunomthelela ekutheni amazwe amaningi angazuzi ngokugcwele kwezohwebo ikakhulukazi kumkhaka wezimbiwa phansi.
Noma bengeke bavinjwe abagquqguzeli bale ngqungquthela, nokubanjwa kwayo kuyinto ebalulekile, kepha asinanazi ngokuthi izoqhubeka ifane nezinye zangaphambili lapho kuhlalwa ematafuleni kwenziwe iziphakamiso ezinohlonze kodwa okwaziwa kahle kamhlophe ukuthi akekho ozozimela.
Ukungayishayi ndiva lena okuthiwa izodingidwa kule ngqungquthela, nebhebhethekiswa yinkohlakalo ikakhulukazi phakathi kosopolitiki emazweni ehlukene besebenzisana nabaphathi bezimboni kusazothatha iminyaka ukuthi kubhekanwe nayo ngqo, nangendlela enobulungiswa.
Lokhu sikusho ngenxa yezigameko zakamuva ezithinta inkampani ebizwa ngeGlencore International nomhlola eyawugila futhi esazoqhubeka iwugila emazweni ehlukene okubalwa kuwo awase Afrika.
KuLwezi nyakenye inkantolo eBritain yakhipha isinqumo sokuthi iGlencore ihlawuliswe ngezigidi ezi-281 zamaGreat Britain Pound (GBP)- okuyizigidigidi ezicishe zibe ngama-R5.9 – nokuyisijezizo “ngobugebengu obuqhubekayo” nenkohlakalo eyenziwa yilenkampani kumazwe ase-Afrika okubalwa iNigeria, Cameroon, Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea kanye ne South Sudan.
Iwisa lesigwebo, inkantolo yadalula ukuthi abasebenzi nabaphathi be Glencore baphuma bengena kulamazwe ase Afrika bephethe izizumbulu zemali abafumbathisa ngazo abasebenzi bakahulumeni nosopolitiki ngenhloso yokuthola igunya namandla okusebenza kwezimbiwa phansi ikakhulukazi uwoyela.
Lesinqumo senkantolo yase Britain sabe silandela esasithathwe yizinkantolo zase United States of America (USA) ku Nhlaba nyakenye nalapho iGlencore yahlawuliswa imali ebalelwa kwizigidigidi ezi-1.1 zama United States Dollar, ijeziselwa inkohlakalo nokufumbathisa abasebenzi bakaHulumeni kumazwe anjenge Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), ne Cameroon.
Umonakalo walokhu kukhohlakala kwe Glencore kukhulu ngendlela eyisimanga futhi kothatha iminyaka ukuthi kwembulwe ngokugcwele. Isibonelo esisodwa salokhu sise DRC lapho lelizwe lalahlekelwa yizigidi ezilinganiselwa kuma-445 yama-United States Dollar emveni kokuba lenkampani yanikwa ilungelo lokungena ebhizinisini lemayini yaseKatanga ngokukhokha izigidi ezi-140 zama United States Dollar kuphela yize intengo ngokomthetho yayimiswe kwizigidi ezingama-585 zama United States Dollar.
Baningi abazishayela ihlombe lezinqumo zezinkantolo zase- USA naseBritain ngoba bethi ngezikhombisa ukusebenza kwengalo yomthetho. Kepha akuzona izinqumo ezingathakaselwa ngoba kunokuba zikhombise ukujula kobulungiswa nokuqina kwengalo yomthetho emazweni, lenkampani kwakumele ijeziswe ezinkantolo ezikumazwe ase-Afrika lapho yagila khona lemihlola.
Phezu kwalokho, kwakumele ukuthi osopolitiki bakulamazwe aphathekayo baphenywe ukuze nabo bajezisiswe. Kodwa ngendlela okwahamba ngayo kuyacaca ukuthi akukho zinguquko ezilindelekile, lenkampani isazoqhubeka yenze ebikwenza ngoba labo ebisebenzisana nabo kulamazwe basahlezi ezikhundleni.
Ukujeziswa nokuvela kwenkohlakalo yeGlencore International kwamangaza kuphela labo abangawazi umsuka nomlando walenkampani kanye nokusebenza kwayo, okukhombisa ukuthi selokhu kwathi nhlo ukukhwabanisa, inkohlakalo, nokuphula imithetho emisiwe yindlela vele esebenza ngayo. IGlencore ezinze eSwitzerland yasungulwa ngowe-1970s uMnu Marc Rich (ongasekho) owayedabuka eUSA njengenkampani ehweba nesebenza ngezimbiwa phansi.
Ngeminyaka yowe-1970s kuya kowe-1980s uMarc Rich nale nkampani babeyingxenye yezinkampani azizibambisene neNingizimu Afrika ngesikhathi sobandlululo, ihwebelana nalelizwe ingenandaba nokuthi kwabe kukhona umkhankaso obhidlangile wokunswinya iNingizimu Afrika ngenxa yobandlululo. UMarch Rich wazuza kakhulu ngaleyo minyaka ngokushushumbisela iNingizimu Afrika uwoyela okwabe kungezinye yezimpahla okwakuthiwa lelizwe alinswinywe kuzo.
Izenzo zika Marc Rich zokusebenzisana nohulumeni wobandlululo zadala ukuthi owayenguSomlomo we Sishyayamthetho saseNingizimu Afrika uNks uFrene Ginwala (ongasekho) athi: “abantu abafana noRich babeyiziphulamthetho ezenza inzuzo, ziphula nomthetho wonswinyo futhi ngingathokoza ukubabona bephathwa njengezigebengu nezinswelaboya”.
Noma ngabe ubufakazi obuqandula ikhanda babukhona ukuthi iGlencore yaphula imithetho ngaleminyaka, kodwa akukho zinyathelo eyathathelwa zona emveni kokufika kwedemokhrasi eNingizimu Afrika ngowe-1994. Kunalokho, yona leGlenore yabandakanyeka kwizinsolo zokushushumbisa uwoyela wase Iraq nalapho kwakusolwa ukuthi yabe isebenzisana nenkampani iMvume Holdings yaseNingizimu Afrika.
Yiyo leGlencore eyaphinde yavela ngesikhathi uMnu uBrain Molefe enikeza ubufakazi kwiKhomishana kaZondo ngezigameko nenkohlakalo eyenzeka eESKOM kuleminyaka edlule nalapho aphakamisa ukuthi izenzo zayo eNingizimu Afrika kumele zifakelwe amehlo.
Ngamafuphi, ukube ubulungiswa bukhona nentshisekelo yokuqeda inkohlakalo egcina iguqisa amazwe ase Afrika ngakwezomnotho, iGlencore ingezinye zezinkampani okumele ngabe azisalubhadi kulelizwekazi. Kepha kukhanya bha ukuthi izintambo zombuso emazweni amaningi ziphethwe yizikhohlakali, yikho izingqunqguthela ezifana nalena ezobanjwa ku Ndasa nonyaka ingehlukile nokusinisa amahleza.
UMnu Senzo Ngubane, uNgoti kwezocwaningo lokudala ukubuyisana nokuthula ezwenikazi i-Afrika