I-UNSC-1973: Isinqumo esabhubhisa izwe

UNgubane ungungoti wezindaba ezimayelana ne-Afrika nezokubusa.

Mhla zili-17 kuNdasa we-2011 umhlaba wonke, ikakhulukazi i-Afrika yashaywa ngemfe iphindiwe yi-United Nations ngesinqumo eyasithatha esibizwa nge-United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 (UNSC 1973) nesagunyaza ukuba elase Libya lihlaselwe.

Lesinqumo se-UNSC sathi “sigunyaza amazwe angamalungu azise uNobhala-Jikelele, esebenza ngokwawo noma ebambisene nezinhlangano zezifunda, futhi esebenza ngokubambisana noNobhala-Jikelele, ukuthatha zonke izinyathelo ezidingekayo, ukuvikela izakhamuzi kanye nezindawo ezihlala abantu abangaphansi kosongo lokuhlaselwa eLibya.”

Lesinqumo sathathwa ngenkathi kuqubuke imibhikisho yezakhamuzi emazweni ehlukene eNhla ne-Afrika neyabizwa nge-‘Arab Spring’. Sashaywa ngemfe iphindiwe ngoba kwacaca kungakapheli maseko emveni kwalesinqumo ukuthi iqhingasu kwabe kungekona “ukuvikela izakhamuzi” zaseLibya, kepha kwabe kuwukusoconga uMengameli Ghadafi. INorth Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), isebenzisa lesinqumo i-UNSC 1973, yadidiyela amasosha amazwe ehlukene naseka abavukeli mbuso eLibya ukuze kuqunjwe phansi okaGhadafi. Kusukela kule minyaka eyishumi nambili yesenzo seNATO kube yini umthelela kwizakhamuzi nakwezombuso wezwe?

Ngaphambi kokuthi siyinabele eyomthelela walesinqumo kwizingqinamba iLibya esabhekene nazo, asikusho ukuthi ukukhalazela ukubulawa kukaGhadafi akusho ukuthi sithi wabe engumholi oqotho ngokugcwele, ngoba kuningi ayekwenza okwakuphambene nemigomo kanye nezintshisekelo zabaholi bamazwe ehlukene e-Afrika ngaphansi kwe-African Union (AU).

Isibonele nje ngalokhu sitholakala kwizibongo zeSILO uMdlokombane lapho imbongi ithi “Wehlulekile uGhadafi eza nemali yakhe… ulukhahlele ngamasondo mane ukhetho lukaGhadafi, ezokukhumulisa izikhindi owazishiyelwa okhokho bakho, zise mzibeni ebathi uzosala ugqokeni… sibusiswe isandla sakho Ngonyama asivumanga ukusayina inkohlakalo”.

Lapha imbongi ibalisa mhlazane ISILO sala ukuvuma itulo likaGhadafi lokuziqoka njenge ‘Nkosi yamaKhosi’ e-Afrika. Kodwa noma ngabe zazikhona izigameko ezixakayo ngoGhadafi isenzo seNATO igunyazwe yi-UNSC-1973 kumele sithathwe njengaleso esabopha ifindo e-Afrika okothatha iminyaka ukuthi liqaqeke.

Kusukela ngowe-2011 iLibya – okwakuyizwe elibumbene – ayisehlukeli nokuthi isiyizifundazwe ezahlukene nezilawulwa ngemithetho engafani ngaphansi ‘koHulumeni’ abehlukene. Uhulumeni okuthiwa uphethe nozinze kwiNhlokodolobha iTripoli nobizwa ngeHigh Council of State (HSC) uwanamandla okuqinisekisa ukuthi imithethetho oyimisaya iyalandelwa kwezifunda ezingaphandle kweNhlokodolobha.

Izifunda ezisemathelweni eNhlokodolobha, ikakhulukazi empulanga yezwe zilawulwa ‘uhulumeni’ oholwa nguJenene Haftar nobizwa ngeHouse of Representatives (HoR). UJenene Haftar waba yingxenye yokuketulwa kweNkosi yaseLibya uIdris ngowe-1969 nokwaphetha ngokuthi uGadafi athathe izintambo zombuso ezweni.

Emveni kokungaboni ngaso linye noGhadafi wafudukela e-United States of America (USA) nalapho ahlala khona iminyaka elokhu eyinxenye yamatulo okuqumba phansi umbuso kaGhadafi, waze wabuya ngowe-2011 engena ngentuba evulwe yimibhikisho ye-Arab Spring waba yingxenye yabaketuli baGhadafi. Kuze kube manje labo ‘Hulumeni’ ababili basehluleka ukuthelelana amanzi, basaqhubeka namatulo okuvimba ukuthi kube khona ukhetho lukazwelonke eLibya kunalokho isalokhu iphakwa impi.

Ngenkathi esadla ahlamvana uGhadafi wayenamaqhinga okwakha ubudlelwane namazwe ehlukene okubalwa nawaseNyakatho kepha ekwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi iLibya ibe yizwe elibumbene nokugwema ukugxambukela kwamanye amazwe ezindabeni zayo. Namuhla emveni kwalesinqumo se-UNSC iLibya isiyisizinda sombango wamazwe ehlukene okubalwa i-USA, iRussia, iTurkey, iSaudi Arabia, iFrance, i-United Arab Emirates, kanye neQatar okudala ukuthi abanikazi bodaba ngokwenzekayo ezweni behluleke ukwakha ukubuyisana.

Ubuyele ekhaya emuva kweminyaka esekudingisweni

Ukunotha kweLibywa ngoyowoyela ongahluziwe ungezinye zezizathu ezinomthelela kwizingqinamba ebhekene nazo. Leli lizwe likwisifunda sase-Afrika esimumethe uwoyela ongahluziwe olinganiselwa kwimiphongolo eyisigidi zezigidi ezingama-48. Ngaphambi kuka-2011 imali kawoyela yayibalelwa kumaphesenti angama-95 emali etholwa yiLibya kwezohwebo namanye amazwe, nayekwazi uGadafi ukuyisebenzisela ukuthuthukisa izwe nenhlalokahle yezakhamuzi.

Namuhla uwoyela waseLibya usetshenziselwa ukubhebhethikisa impi nenzuzo okumele kungabe iya kuhulumeni, iphelela ezandleni zezinswelanoya ezizibiza ngosomabhizini nabaphekuli zikhundla abazibiza ngamasosha ezwe. Umthelela kwizakhamuzi walempi eyaqalwa yiNATO mkhulu ngalendelal yokuthi ne-UN yavuma yathi “awunakulinganiswa”.

Ekupheleni kowezi-2019 babevile kwi-345,000 abantu abasebebalekile amakhaya abo futhi sebeyimihambume, kwavela nokuthi kwinani elingama-900 000 labantu abadinga izinsiza abesifazane nezingane bangaphezu kwesigamu.

Emveni kweminyaka eyishumi nambili kwanqunywa ukuthi iLibya ihlaselwe asalufiphi amathuba okuthi lelizwe libe nokuthula nezinyathelo ezithathwanyo ngeziqinisekisa ukuthi lempi yombango iyoqhubeka isikhathi eside. Lesenzo sokuhlasela elase Libya nomthelela waso ezweni asehlukene neze nesowezi-1992 lapho i-USA yahlasela elaseSomalia okwadala ukuthi kuze kube yinamuhla lelizwe alikwazi ukuthula.

^{UMnu Senzo Ngubane, uNgoti kwezocwaningo lokudala ukubuyisana nokuthula ezwenikazi i-Afrika}