Inkathi yamadanasoli
Umlando usifundisa ukuthi impilo yayihlukile ngesikhathi kusaphila amadinosaurs okungangokuba nawo imbala awaphilanga ngesikhathi esisodwa.
Amadanasoli okuqala aziwayo avela ngesikhathi se-Triassic Period (cishe izigidi ezingama-250 kuya kwezingama-200 ezedlule). Amadanasoli aguquke aba yiqembu elihluke kakhulu lezilwane ezinezici eziningi ezibonakalayo, kuhlanganise nezinyoni zesimanje.
Ngokuphambene nalokho abantu abaningi abakucabangayo, akuwona wonke amadanasoli ayephila ngesikhathi esifanayo sokwakheka komhlaba. UStegosaurus, isibonelo, wayephila ngesikhathi se-Late Jurassic Period, cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-150 edlule. I-Tyrannosaurus rex yayiphila ngesikhathi se-Late Cretaceous Period, cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-72 edlule. I-Stegosaurus yaphela iminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-66 ngaphambi kokuba i-Tyrannosaurus ihambe emhlabeni.
Phakathi neMesozoic Era (inkathi yeminyaka engaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-180 ehlanganisa izikhathi zeTriassic, eJurassic, neCretaceous), uhlobo lwedanasoli engeyona i-avian lwashintsha lwaba uhlobo lwedanasoli yezinyoni. Le danasoli yezinyoni iyinyoni yokuqala futhi engaphambi kwazo zonke izinyoni. Yonke idanasoli engeyona eyezinyoni yashabalala eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-66 edlule.
Kunemibono eminingana mayelana nokuthi yini okungenzeka ibe nomthelela ekuqothulweni okukhulu kwezibankwakazi ezingezona izinyoni nezinye izinhlobo zezilwane ekupheleni kweNkathi Yokubusa.
Kuqinisekile ukuthi i-asteroid enkulu noma inkanyezi enomsila yahlasela uMhlaba phakathi nalesi sikhathi, okwabangela ukushintsha okumangalisayo kwesimo sezulu soMhlaba. Abanye ososayensi baqagela ukuthi lo mthelela ube nemiphumela eyinhlekelele empilweni yasemhlabeni. Kodwa ezinye izici, ezihlanganisa ukushintsha kwamazinga olwandle kanye nezintaba-mlilo ezinkulu, kungenzeka ukuthi nazo zibambe iqhaza elikhulu kulokhu kushabalala okukhulu.
Izinsalela zedanasoli kanye ne-fossilization
Izazi ze-paleontology zisebenzisa ubufakazi bezinsalela ezigcinwe edwaleni lasendulo ukuze zithole ukuthi izilwane ezanyamalala isikhathi eside zaziphila futhi ziziphathe kanjani.
Ezimweni eziningi, ithambo eliyinsalela empeleni liyidwala elenziwe ngamaminerali, elingenawo nomkhondo wethambo lokuqala.
Ukutholakala kwamaqanda ezibankwakazi nezidleke kwanikeza ubufakazi bokuziphatha kwamanye amadanasoli.
Ngokuqhathanisa ugebhezi lwekhanda lwama-Protoceratops eminyaka ehlukene (njengasesithombeni esingenhla), izazi zepaleontology zingafinyelela iziphetho mayelana nendlela amanye amadanasoli akhula ngayo.
Ukuze zithole ukuthi izinto eziphilayo zaziphila kanjani esikhathini esidlule, izazi zepaleontology zifuna imikhondo egcinwe emadwaleni asendulo—amathambo agugelwe phansi, amazinyo, amaqanda, imilobo yezinyawo, izimpawu zamazinyo, amaqabunga ngisho nobulongwe bezinto eziphilayo zasendulo.
Izinsalela zemihlathi, amazinyo, nobulongwe kunikeza imikhondo ebalulekile mayelana nokuthi izibankwakazi ezingezona ezezinyoni zazidlani.
Uchungechunge lwezinyathelo zezinyawo ezinezinsalela ezimbiwa phansi, ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-trackways, luveza ubufakazi obuthakazelisayo mayelana nokuziphatha kwamadanasoli nokuhamba.
Kuze kube muva nje bekukholelwa ukuthi izimpaphe zingezozinyoni kuphela. Okutholwe muva nje, nokho, kuveze ubufakazi bamadanasoli angewona awezinyoni anezimpaphe.
Izazi zepaleontologists ezifuna izinsalela zamadanasoli ziqala umsebenzi wazo ngokuhlola izindawo ukuze zithole amatshe angcolile kusukela enkathini yeMesozoic. Ukuthola indawo efanele kudinga ulwazi kanye neso elibukhali.
Umsebenzi wasensimini uyingxenye encane yalokho okwenziwa yizazi zepaleontologists. Baphinde basebenze elebhu, behlola amaspecimens abawatholile kanye nezinsalela ezaqoqwa eminyakeni edlule. Bachitha isikhathi esiningi behlukanisa izibonelo, behlola izici zabo, futhi bethola ubudlelwano babo bemvelo.
Amazinyo, izinyathelo, nezimpaphe
Amadanasoli amaningi okubalwa ze-Theropod, njenge-Tyrannosaurus, ayenamazinyo aqondile, agobile kancane emuva, futhi ahlehlekile. Amaphuzu acijile abhoboza inyama, futhi ama-serrations asiza ukuyisika ngokubamba nokuklebhula imicu yemisipha. Abadla inyama abazange bakuqobe noma bakugaye ukudla kwabo; bagwinye amaqatha.
Amadanasoli adla izitshalo ayenamazinyo ezinhlobonhlobo ezenzelwe ukudla kwawo okuthile. Ngokwesibonelo, itriceratops yayinamazinyo angamakhulu akha “udonga” oluqinile olunamagquma acijile. Amazinyo ayesetshenziselwa ukusika izimila.
Abanye abadla izitshalo, njenge-Anatotitan, babenamazinyo ayisicaba abanzi ababewagaya uhlaza oluqinile. Amadanasoli anentamo ende, njenge-Diplodocus, ayenamazinyo amade afana nepensela ayewasebenzisa ukuze akhiphe amaqabunga emagatsheni.
Lama-dinosaur agwinye amaqabunga ewonke. Baphinde badle amatshe amancane, abizwa ngokuthi amagastroliths, okungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi agaye ukudla okuseziswini zabo, ngendlela efanayo nezinyoni zesimanje, njengama-parakeet nezinkukhu, ezenza ngayo namuhla.
Ngokusuka kumuntu ngamunye, ososayensi bangalinganisa ubude bedanasoli elenzile. Isilinganiso esinzima sobude bomlenze sitholakala ngokuphindaphinda ubude bokuphrinta ngezine.
Umkhondo wezinyawo ungaphinda unikeze imikhondo mayelana nohlobo lwedanasoli elenzile. Iphrinta enezinzwane ezintathu, enezinzipho ezicijile isho ukuthi umenzi wezigxivizo kungenzeka ukuthi uyi-theropod—imvamisa eyisilwane esidla inyama.
Ukuphrinta okunezinzwane ezintathu nezinzwane eziyindilinga cishe kwakungokwe-ornithopod dinosaur (isilwane esidla uhlaza). Futhi amapheya emibhalo engalingani ngosayizi cishe ayewumsebenzi wezibankwakazi ezinemilenze emine, ezinezintamo ezinde, ezinemisila emide ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-sauropods, elinye iqembu lezilwane ezidla uhlaza.
Izinyoni zesimanje, noma izibankwakazi zezinyoni, zinezici zamathambo ezicishe zifane namadanasoli angewona awezinyoni.
Izimpaphe zavela ngaphambi kokundiza futhi kungenzeka ukuthi zisebenze njenge-insulation ukugcina izibankwakazi zifudumele, noma ukuze ziboniswe njengendlela yokuheha abalingani.
