Izidakamizwa notshwala ziyinkinga kepha ocwile kukho uvikelekile

Sibhekisisa lesi sihloko esibangela inkinga kuzona zonke izimboni ikakhulu ezimayini, emafemini nasembonini yokwakha lapho ukuphepha nezingozi kufanele kuqikelelwe kakhulu. Ngokomthetho, umsebenzi okhubazwe ukugula noma yisifo thizeni okumenza ahluleke ukwenza umsebenzi wakhe njengomuntu ongakhubazekile, uvikelekile ekuxoshweni.

Kuyabadida abaningi okudalwe yisinqumo seNkantolo Yomthethosisekelo ecaleni Minister of Justice and Constitutional Development and others v Prince and others 2018 (6) SA 393 (CC) esizokhuluma ngakho kabanzi embhalweni olandela lona. Kulelocala iNkantolo enkulu ezweni yanquma ukuthi akalona icala kosekhulile uma ukuphatha ukusebenzisa noma ukulima insangu ngasese uma ezoyisebenzisa yena. Ukubopha umuntu ngalesosenzo kuphambene  nelungelo lemfihlo elisesigabeni se-14 soMthethosisekelo.

Kowanamuhla singenisa lesosihloko ngokuthi sikhumbuzane ngomthetho mayelana naloludaba. Umqashi unesibopho sokuba amelekelele lowo msebenzi, ngokwenza uphenyo lokuhlola ukuthi lokho kukhubazeka kungokwesikhashana yini noma okwaphakade; ebese emhlelela isimo sokusebenza ukuba sibonelele futhi sihambisane nokukhubazeka lokho; noma amnikeze omunye umsebenzi ovumelana nokukhubazeka. Lo mbandela womthetho ucaciswe kahle nguMthetho Wezobudlelwano Emsebenzini ngaphansi koHla Lokuziphatha Okuhle: Mayelana Nokuxoshwa (Labour Relations Act, Schedule 8). Nokwehlulwa utshwala nezidakamizwa nakho kubalwe njengokukhubazeka okufanele makubonelelwe. Lolu Hla luthi uma imbangela yokukhubazeka lokho kuwukwehlulwa ngutshwala noma yizidakamizwa, umqashi kufanele asebenzise ukwaluleka nokwelapha umqashwa ngaphambi kokucabanga ukumxosha.

Umbuzo omkhulu ngothi ngonjani umuntu okuthiwa usehlulwe utshwala noma izidakamizwa osethathwa njengokhubazekile. Phela umthetho uyakwehlukanisa ukukhubazeka nokuziphatha budedengu okufanele kujeziswe njengakho konke ukwelelesa emsebenzini. Uma etholakala ephuzile noma edle izidakamizwa okungesikhona ukukhubazeka, umuntu uyaxoshwa futhi nezinkantolo zimlahle ngecala uma elwisana nokuxoshwa.

Inkantolo yachaza umehluko phakathi kophuzo olungukwelelesa nokwehlulwa yuphuzo noma izidakamizwa okuyisifo. Lelo yicala leTransnet Freight Rail v Transnet Bargaining Council and Others [2011] ZALCJHB 15. Inkantolo yathi ukwehlulwa wuphuzo noma yizidakamizwa kuyisifo okufanele sibonelelwe njengokulawula koHla Lokuziphatha Okuhle: Mayelana Nokuxoshwa. Kuleli cala kwatholakala ukuthi umqashwa wayengehlulwa wuphuzo kodwa wayeziphathe kabi ngokuya emsebenzini ephuzile ngenxa yezinkinga zakhe. Masikugcizelele ukuthi otholakala emsebenzini ephuzile noma edle izidakamizwa ujeziswa ngokuxoshwa uma isimo sakhe kungekhona ukukhubazeka.

Izinkantolo nezinkundla zamacala zibheka ukuthi isimo somuntu othi wehlulwa utshwala noma izidakamizwa siyahambisana yini nencazelo yokukhubazeka njengoba ibalulwe yachazwa wuHla Lokuziphatha Kahle: Mayelana Nokuqashwa Kwabakhubazekile. Lolu Hla luchaza ukukhubazeka ngokuthi “ukukhubazeka enyameni noma emqondweni kwesikhathi eside futhi okuqhubekayo, kuthunaze ukusebenza noma ukuqhubekela phambili nokusebenza”. Umthetho uthwesa umthwalo wokuveza ubufakazi bokukhubazeka kuye umqashwa othi usehlulwa utshwala noma izidakamizwa.

Umthetho uthi umqashwa ongaphansi kwalesisi simo nguye okumele abike alethe ubufakazi baso. Lokhu kwagcizelelwa ecaleni leTransnet Freight Rail v Transnet Bargaining Council & Others [2011] 6 BLLR 594 (LC) lapho iNkantolo yanquma ukuthi uma kungenabufakazi bokuthi umsebenzi usephephela ophuzweni noma ezidakamizweni, angeke kwathiwa usekhubazekile. INkantolo yanquma futhi nokuthi umuntu ozijwayeza ngomqondo ophelele ukuthi edezane ehabula uphuzo noma izidakamizwa njalo ngaphambi kokuya emsebenzini, uyiselelesi akakhubazekile ngoba empeleni akaphephele kulezi zinto kodwa ucwila kuzo ngenhloso, hayi ngenxa yokugula (ukukhubazeka). Nokho-ke umqashi naye kufanele ayikhulume indaba uma ebona ukuthi umqashwa usenesejwayezi sokuhlulwa ngamanzi amponjwana noma ukuziphatha kwakhe kusolisa njengokomuntu obuswa yizidakamizwa.

Okokugcina okungumthwalo womqashwa ukuvuma ukuhlolwa, ukwelulekwa nokwelashwa. Uma ekwenqaba lokhu, umsebenzi uzifaka enkingeni yokuthi athathwe njengomuntu owelelesayo nje kungekhona ukuthi ukhutshazwe ukwehlulwa yizidakamizwa. Akusho ukuthi lokhu kuhlolwa, ukwelulekwa nokwelashwa kwenziwa ngezindleko zomqashi kodwa kuthiwa umqashi kufanele alekelele umqashwa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi kuyenzeka lokhu.

Okuphoqa umqashi ukubonelela lowo okutholakala ukuthi ukhubazekile ngenxa yalesi simo. Ecaleni lika-Marko Shanya v Trojan Truck Systems (Pty) Ltd [2014] (CCMA) umsebenzi wayebekwe icala lokutholakala enesidakamizwa egazini lakhe okungumthunzi wezinkukhu, wabekwa icala waxoshwa emsebenzini. UKhomishana wanquma ukuthi ukuxoshwa lokho kwakufanele futhi kunobulungiswa ngoba wayelelesile umqashwa ngokuya emsebenzini ekulesi simo ebe ewazi umthetho ovimbela lokho.

Kulelo cala kwatholakala ukuthi ukuziphatha kwakhe umqashwa kwakuwukwelelesa nje okwejwayelekile kungeyikho ukukhubazeka. Kwelinye icala lika-Tanker Services (Pty) Ltd v Magudulela [1997] 12 BLLR 1552 (LAC), iNkantolo Yezabasebenzi Yokwedlulisela Amacala yanquma ukuthi ukutholakala nophuzo noma izidakamizwa kusuke kuwukuthi umqashwa ngeke esakwazi ukwenza umsebenzi wakhe ngendlela engenziwa umuntu ophilayo. Kuleli cala kwatholakala ukuthi ngenxa yophuzo, umqashwa wayengeke akwazi ukushayela iloli elikhulu elingama-32 wamathani ngendlela engenziwa ngumuntu ophilayo.

INkantolo yabuye yathola nokuthi umuntu onqaba ukuhlolwa ukuthi ingabe uphuzile yini, usuke eziceba ngoba kungathathwa ngokuthi unesazelo sokuthi uzobanjwa. Nakuleli cala futhi kwakukhulunywa ngokwelelesa, hayi ukwehlulwa amanzi amponjwana noma zidakamizwa. Makuqapheleke ukuthi lokhu kwehluleka ukwenza umsebenzi ngenxa yophuzo noma izidakamizwa kusuke kungokwesikhashana yingakho kutholakala ukuthi kuwukwelelesa ukuza emsebenzini ngaphansi kwalezi zimo.

Ngamanye amazwi, ukuphuzela ukuqeda ukoma, kungezukumvimba umuntu ukuba enze umsebenzi wakhe njengenjwayelo futhi awenze ngaphandle kwamaphutha akuyikho ukwelelesa ngokubona kwezinkantolo nezinkundla zamacala abasebenzi.

Lesi sinqumo sagcizelelwa futhi nayiNkantolo Yezabasebenzi ecaleni leTosca Labs v CCMA & Others [2012] 5 BLLR 529 (LC). Kuleli cala umqashwa wayekade etholakale enophuzo ngenkathi efuthiswa. UKhomishana wabesethole ukuthi umqashi wehlulekile ukuveza ubufakazi bokuthi nembala uphuzile lo mqashwa ngoba yize wayetholakale nophuzo, wayekade eqhubeke kahle ngaphandle kwamaphutha emsebenzini wakhe. Umqashi akenelisekanga yilesi sinqumo, wandlulela eNkantolo Yezabasebenzi.

Le Nkantolo yavumelana noKhomishana yagcizelela isinqumo esathathwa zinkantolo ngaphambilini esithi umuntu owenza umsebenzi wakhe kahle ngaphandle kwamaphutha, angeke kwathiwa unecala lophuzo osekufanele axoshelwe lona. Ezindaweni eziningi zomsebenzi abasebenzi bahlolelwa uphuzo nezidakamizwa besemasangweni bengakangeni emsebenzini. Ngezizathu zokuqikelela ukuphepha, abaqashi abaningi bayakugwema nokuthi beze bengene emsebenzini abasebenzi abaphuzile noma abadle izidakamizwa kodwa bakhona abaqashi abanomthetho wokuthi abasebenzi behlolelwe uphuzo nezidakamizwa sebengapakathi emsebenzini.

Lesi sinqumo–ke sokuthi uma ekwazi ukwenza umsebenzi wakhe ngokujwayelekile futhi engenamaphutha yize kutholakala ukuthi uphuzile, siyabasiza abahlolwa sebesemsebenzini kodwa futhi kuyinkinga uma umqashwa ebonakala engawenzi kahle umsebenzi wakhe; noma nje enephutha elincane abengalenza noma ngabe akanalutho oluwuphuzo egazini lakhe, sekuyothiwa lelo phutha ulenze ngenxa yophuzo noma yesidakamizwa leso esitholakale egazini lakhe esesebenza. Kwezinye izindawo abasebenzi bahlolwa bengaphandle kwamagceke omsebenzi, bese benikwa ithuba lokuthi bengangeni bethathwe njengabalovile abangezukuholelwa ngalolo suku abatholakala ngalo bephuzile. Noma kukhona loko kuvikeleka ngumthetho, kuhle ukungangeni nhlobo esilingweni.

  UMnu uBheki Khumalo ungumeluleki ozimele kwezomthetho wezisebenzi. Ubuye abe ngumahluleli nomxazululi emacaleni ngaphansi kweCCMA namaBargaining Councils ahlukene.