Umkhokha wokungqubuzana kwabaholi eSudan useyiva elingabanguleki

UNgubane ungungoti wezindaba ezimayelana ne-Afrika nezokubusa.

Umkhokha wokuphendukelana kwabaholi eSudan kuze kufinyelele ekuchithekeni kwegazi wangena kudala. Isigameko sokuqala sokuketulwa kombuso senzeka ngowezi-1958 kungakapheli ngisho iminyaka emibili lelizwe lathola inkululeko. Ukugxambukela kwabakhuzi bezempi kwezepolitiki, ukuthathela phansi eyezimfuno nezifiso zezakhamuzi kuku mongo wezepolitiki kulelizwe, ngakho lesigameko sanguma angeke sehlukaniswe nalomlando kulelizwe. Yikho sizothi uma kubuyekezwa noma kuhlaziywa lempi esiqubukile akungathungathwa ‘isandla semfene’ nokuthi kugxilwe kumazwe angaphandle kuthiwe yeqhathwe yiwo.

Ngowe-1983 isinqumo sowayenguMengameli waseSudan uGaafar Nimeiry sokuthi izwe lizolawulwa ngaphansi kwenkolo ye-Islam nokwacindeleza ezinye izinkolo sadala ukuba kuqubuke impi yombango neyathatha iminyaka eyevile kweyi-20 yazeyaphetha ngokuthi kusungulwe izwe elibizwa ngeSouth Sudan. Mhlazane ethatha lesinqumo uNimeiry wasolwa ngokuba sithupha siya ogwayini nabaholi abaphakimisa lenkolo kwezepolitiki ikakhukazi iMoslem Brotherhood emandla eEgypt.

Emveni kweminyaka engama-40, uMengameli wezwe uJenene Al-Burhan uzithola ebhekene nempi ubunzima bayo engacishe ifane nalena yangaphambili njengoba itholene phezulu neqembu elingazibekile phansi. Lempi iqubuka nje, besekukhona izinsolo zokudlondlobala kobudlelwane phakathi kwakhe nabakhuzi bezempi abathize baseSudan abaziwayo ukuthi bayingxenye yalabo abakholwelwa kakhulu ekumisweni kwalenkolo kwezepolitiki.

Ngowezi-2000s mhlazane iSudan ibhekene nezikhalazo zokungaphatheki kwahle kwezizwe ezahlukene ezizinze kwizifundazwe ezinjengeDarfur, oweyunguMengameli nowaketula uNimiery, uJenene u-Al-Bashir, wabutha iqembu elagcina libizwa ngeRapid Support Forces (RSF) nelaholwa uJenene Dagalo (ophinde aziwe ngelika Hemeti).

Leli kwabe kuyibutho elingaconsi phansi futhi lingadidiyelwa namanye amabuthu ezwe, nokwanika uHemeti amandla ayisimanga nakwazi ukuwasebenzisela ukwandisa ithonya lakhe kwezepolitiki. Ngaleyo minyaka uBurhan owabe engumkhuzi wamashosa, zazikhona izinkomba zokuthi eyokuzimela kweRSF ayimuhlezi kahle kodwa kungekho ayengakwenza ngaleso sikhathi.

Ngowezi-2019 mhlazane uBashir equnjwa phansi, iRSF nayeyithemba ukuthi yayizomuseka yaqoma ukumushiya emi yedwa yazibandakanya namasosha ezwe kwabanjiswana kwizintambo zombuso.

Lesinyathelo senza ukuba uBruhan no Hemeti basebenzisane ngokuhola izwe nokwaba yinto okwakukhona abathi izoshabalala ngoba akukho zinkuzi zimbili zabusa esibayeni esisodwa. Ababesho njalo, babesebenzisa isibonelo seSouth Sudan lapho emveni kokuthola inkululeko ngowezi-2005 labhekana nempi yombango idalwa yingxabano phakathi kwezikhondlakhondla ezimbili, uMengameli Salva Kiir nesekela lakhe uRiek Machar.

Ngamanye amazwi, lokhu okwenzekayo eSudan namuhla kukhona abathi akumanganzi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi mhla labaholi bevumelana ukukaka oka Al-Bashir khona abathi ukusebenzisana kwabo kumele kwesekwe ukuze bakwazi ukuhola imizamo yokubuyisela izwe kwi Demokrasi nokuyinto okwakucace bha ukuthi yothatha isikhathi. Iqubuka lempi nje izingxogxo zokubuyisela izwe kwiDemokrasi bezisasezithebeni nalabaholi babili bekwindcindezi yokuthi akusensuku zatshwala ukuthi behle ezikhundleni.

Ngakho lempi kumele ithathwe njengekhombisa ukuthi bebengakazimiseli ukwehla ezikhundleni, ngakho ke ukuqubuka kwayo kubanikeza ithuba lokuthi baqhubeke babe neqhaza kwezepolitiki yezwe yize izakhamuzi sekuphele iminyaka zilangalazele izinguquko.

Sithanda singathandi uBurhan noHemeti basazobadlala indima enkulu kwezepolitiki eSudan ngoba umgudu ozodalwa wokwakha ukubuyisana noxolo uzobabuyisela kwizikhundla abekade bekuzo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Leli ‘khambi’ – lokubeka abaholi okuyibo abaxova izizwe – sekwaba yinjwayelo kumasu nemizamo yokwakha uxolo e-Afrika nokuyinto labaholi abayazi kahle nabalindele ukuthi izokwenzeka.

Isibhicongo sishiye kukhalwa eSierra Leone

Kuningi okumele kukhathaze i-Afrika nomhlaba wonke jikelele ngalempi esiqubukile nokumele kuphoqe izinhlaka ezikhona nabaholi ukuba bazibuze ngentshisekelo abathi banayo yokwakha izwekazi elinokuthula. Sekuphele iminyaka emi-3 izakhamuzi zaseSudan zibambe imibhikisho yokuzikhulula ekulawulweni amasosha nalapho zazingananazi ngokuthi ababuyele emakamu.

Ukuqubuka kwalempi kuyinkomba yokwehluleka kwezwekazi ukulalela izikhalazo zezakhamuzi. Lempi iqubuka iSudan ivele isabhekene nezingqinamba kwizifundazwe ezahlukene okubalwa kuzona iDarfur nalapho ingxabano nezimpi zombango zisaqhubeka phakathi kwezizwe ezahlukene. Iphinde iqubuka kwisifundazwe sase-Afrika esibhekene nezinqginamba kumazwe anjenge-Ethiopia, eChad, ne-Eritrea angomakhelwane weSudan. Indlela iSudan ebaluleke ngayo kulamazwe, uma lempi ingakhuzeki ingagcina isikapakela kwamanye alamazwe.

Noma kungazeki ukuthi yophetha kunjani okungaqinisekiswa wukuthi isisombululo esinqala angeke size nezinhlangano ezibuya ngaphandle, kodwa soqhamakua kwizakhamuzi zaseSudan. Lokhu sikusho ngoba kwaba yizo izabhikishela inkululeko zaphumelela ngowezi-1956, yizo ezavuka umbejazane owagcina uqumbe phansi u-Al-Bashir ngowezi-2019, kwakuyizo futhi ngowezi-1964 nowezi-1985 ezabhikisha kwaqede kwawa imibuso.

^{UMnu Senzo Ngubane, uNgoti kwezocwaningo lokudala ukubuyisana nokuthula ezwenikazi i-Afrika}