Ebezisematheni kweze-Afrika enokuthula noxolo
Ziningi izigameko ezenzekile ezwenikazi i-Afrika kulo nyaka ophelayo ezinye zazo okulindeleke ukuthi ziqhubeke nangozayo.
Angeke kube lulala ukubuyekeza ngezibesematheni ezwenikazi nonyaka ngaphandle kokufaka ukhuvethe. E-Afrika owezi-2020, uzokhunjulwa njengaloyo ophazamise izinhlelo eziningi kwezepolitiki, ezomontho, nezobudlelwano jikelele phakathi kwamazwe ahlukene ngenxa yokuqubuka ‘kwalo mkhuhlane’ ukhuvethe. Noma ngabe lo nyaka uqale i-Afrika ingakabalwa kumazwekazi ayesezithola ehlaselwe yilo mkhuhlane, kuthe phakathi kukaNhlolanja kwavela imibiko yokuthi usungenile e-Egypt, ithe iphela inyanga kwabe kuthiwa naseNigeria sekunjalo. Aziphelanga izinyanga ezimbili emveni kwe-Egypt neNigeria, kwabe sekubonakala ukuthi ukhuvethe selubhebhetheke emazweni amaningi.
Esiyongena nazo kowezi-2021
Ekubuyekezeni ezibesematheni nonyaka ezwenikazi, masiqale ngalezi esinesiqiniseko sokuthi zizobe zihamba phambili nakuwo lona ozoqala. Maphakathi ne-Afrika, ukuqhekeka komfelandawonye weqembu eliholwa uMengameli uTshisekedi kanye neqembu iCommon Front for the Congo (CFC) kaloyo owayenguMengameli uKabila akumangazanga abaningi njengoba lo nyaka wembule ukuthi kulobu budlewano ibikhohlisana ihlomile. Lena izoba sematheni nangonyaka ozayo ngoba uma uTshisekedi ehluleka ukusungula uHulumeni omusha womfelandawonye uzophoqeleka ukuba achithe iPhalamande okuzokwenza ukuthi iDRC iye okhethweni olusha ingakapheli iminyaka emibili engene esikhundleni.
ENyakatho ne-Afrika, ukwehluleka kukaHulumeni waseLibya namaqembu avukela umbuso ikakhukulukazi eliholwa uJenene uKhalifa Hafter kwenza ukuthi leli lizwe liphethe omunye unyaka ukuthula kuyinto engaziwa. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izinhlangano ezinjenge-African Union (AU) zizoqala unyaka zisathwele ijoka lokwakha uxolo kuleli zwe. Isimo sempi eqale e-Ethiopia, nokwephulwa kwesivumelwano seminyaka phakathi kweMorocco neWestern Sahara, yingxenye yezimo kwezokuthula ezwenikazi ezizoqhubeka nokuba sematheni. ENingizimu ne-Afrika, eyempi eCabo Delgado isazoba ezithebeni zabaholi bamazwe ngonyaka ozayo. Kepha asethembe ukuthi ngozayo kuzothathwa izinyathelo ezingcono kunezalo nyaka ukuze kufukanyelwe elaseMozambique ekubhekaneni nale mpi ngoba uma lokho kungenzeki, akhona amazwe azozithola esethinteka. Kukhulunywa nje kube nezinkomba nonyaka zokuthi isifundazwe iMtwara eTanzania, engaphesheya kweCabo Delgado, sesizithola sichaphazeleka ngokwenzenka eMozambique. UHulumeni waseTanzania wathatha isinqumo sokwandisa amasotsha emngceleni neMozambique, kodwa lesi sinqumo asikwazanga ukugwema ukuthi ontamo iqinile bahlasele eMtwara.
Isinqumo sengqungquthela ephezulu ye-AU nebibanjwe kuLwezi sokuthi uhlelo lowezi-2013 lokuqeda izimpi nobekulindeleke ukuba luphothulwe nonyaka, ludinga eminye iminyaka eyi-10 ukuze lufezeke, lozodingidwa kakhulu kulona ozoqala. Noma ngabe bekwazeka ukuthi lesi sifiso ngeke sifezeke ngowezi-2020, kepha ukunquma iminyaka eli-10 ngaphandle kwencazelo ukuthi ithathelwaphi le minyaka kuyaxaka.
I-Afrika nokhuvethe
Ukuhlasela nokubhebhetheka kokhuvethe emazweni ase-Europe ekuqaleni kwalo nyaka, kwandisa ‘izanuse’ ezabe zibhula zithi lesi siqhwaga mhla sifika ezwenikazi i-Afrika soshaya ibhuqe – njengoba sasenzile kwamanye amazwe – futhi sasizoba nomthelela omkhulu ezingqinambeni emazweni ahlukene nezazizogcina zidale ingxabano, mhlasimbe nezimpi kumazwe amaningi.
Kodwa, lo nyaka usuphetha nje, lokhu okubi ababethi kuzokwenzeka ezwenikazi ngenxa yokhuvethe sisakucinga. Akuphikwa ukuthi ukhuvethe luphazamise izinhlelo eziningi kulo nyaka, lwaphinde wakhinyabeza ezomnotho emazweni athize e-Afrika, kepha okwenzeke ezwenikazi ngenxa yokhuvethe akwehlukile kangako nokwamanye amazwe. Ngaleyo ndlela, njengoba ivame ukwenza, i-Afrika idumaze abaningi abebelindele ukuthi nathi siguqe futhi ngendlela eyedlula okwenzeka emazweni afana ne-Italy e-Europe ngenxa yokhuvethe. Okunye okumele kunconywe yiqhaza elibanjwe yi-African Centre for Dease Control and Prevention, ekuholeni izinhlelo zokweseka amazwe ase-Afrika ukubhekana ngqo nokhuvethe.
Izinhlelo zokhetho
Lo nyaka uqale ebalelwa kwangama-22 amazwe okwakulindeleke ukuba aye okhethweni kodwa ngenxa yokhuvethe kwagcina ayisi-6 kuwo eqoka ukuba aluhlehlise ukhetho ngenxa yokusabela ukuphepha kwabavoti nokuthi kwakuzoba nzima ukuhlela kahle izinhlelo zokhetho ezifana nokukhankasa. Yizinqumo ezifana nalezi esezidale le mpi ekhona e-Ethiopia, ingxabano nezinkonondo zokuxhashazwa kwamalungelo ezakhamuzi eziqhamuka kubaholi bamaqembu aphikisayo e-Uganda anjengoBobbie Wine e-Uganda. Emazweni aqoka ukuya okhethweni, olwaba sematheni yiMali nalapho kwaqubuka imibhikisho emveni kokhetho, neyagcina isinika amasotsha intuba yokuthi abhukuqe umbuso. NolwaseTanzania ukhetho lube sematheni ngenxa yezinkonondo zamaqembu aphikisayo zokuthi iqembu elibusayo iChama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM), lasebenzisa amandla ombuso ukudla umhlanganiso kulolu khetho. Noma eyokhetho idale izinkinga emazweni ehlukene, okumele singakukhohlwa ukuthi akhona amazwe afana neGhana, iNamibia, neLiberia, akwazile ukubamba kukhetho nonyaka – noma kukhona ukhuvethe – ngaphandle kwezihibe ezitheni. Nonyaka uzophela amehlo ethe njo eCentral African Republic (CAR) lapho ukhetho luzobanjwa mhla zingama-27 kuZibandlela.
Ubumbano nokudlondlobala kwezomnotho
Lo nyaka uqale amathemba ephezulu ngokufezeka kwezinjongo zokudlondlobalisa ezomnotho nohwebo kwumazwe ase-Afrika ngokungena zihibe, ngaphansi kohlelo lwe-African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA). Leli themba lenyuka ngoba inani lamazwe asayinda isivumelwano se-AfCFTA besilokhu liqhubeka nokwanda, kukhulunywa nje asebalelwa ema-35 asesisekile.
Liphinde lanyuswa ukuvulwa ngokusemthethweni kwamaHhovissi e-AfCFTA neholwa nguNobhala Jikelele uMnu uWamkele Mene odabuka eNingizimu Afrika. Noma ngabe ukhuvethe lushabalalile izifiso zokuthi i-AfCFTA iqale ukusebenza ngokugcwele kuNhlangulana wezi-2020, kodwa kuthokozisile kuwona lo nyaka ukubona izinhlelo zokulungiselela ukuqala kwayo mhla zizine kuMasingana ngonyaka ozayo.
Kwezokugcinwa kokuthula nokwakha uxolo
Isinqumo se-United Nations (UN) sokuqala izinhlelo zokuvala noma ukuguqula i-African Mission in Somalia (AMISOM) kanye ne-United Nations African Union Mission in Darfur (UNAMID) kube samatheni nonyaka ngenxa yokuthi – noma bekuyizinqumo ebezilindelekile – ukuqhubeka nazo kwenzeka ngesikhathi kusabonakala sengathi la mazwe asanesidingo esikhulu sokwesekwa ngale ndlela. Kukhulunywa nje, isifundazwe iDarfur sisazithola nangalo nyaka kusanemibiko eveza ukuqhubeka kokuhlukumezeka kwezwakhamuzi.
Nonyaka kuphinde kwenyuka amathemba okwakha uxolo phakathi kukaHulumeni wesikhashana waseSudan, kanye namaqembu ahlukene abavukelimbuso. Lokhu kwenzeka kuNcwaba ngenkathi uHulumeni wenza isivumelelwano neqembu leSudan People’s Liberation Movement-North (SPLM-N) eliholwa nguMnu uMalik Agar. Noma lesi sivumelwano siqinise amathemba okwakheka kokuthula eSudan, okungeke kubalekelwe ukuthi uma u-Abdelaziz al-Hilu, ohola olunye uhlangothi lweSPLM-N engakabi yingxenye yemizamo yokwakha uxolo kusazothatha iminyaka ngaphambi kokuba sithi leli lizwe selizoba nokuthula.
