Umlando we-Adwa neHaiti usabalulekile kwaboHlanga
Umlando mayelana nobudlelwane bezwekazi I-Afrika, naboHlanga bonkana kanye namazwe aseNyakatho uqukethe izigameko eziningi okumele zingakhohlwa uma kuhlaziywa indlela esidlelana ngayo namazwe aseNyakatho. Lezi zigameko zasemandulo zikhombisa okuningi okwenziwa aboHlanga ukuvikela isithunzi nobuntu babo. Ziphinde zikhombise indluzula amazwe amaningi aseNyakatho ayesebenza ngayo. Sizoke sibheke kancane ngezigameko ezimbili, okuyimpi yase-Adwa, kanye nenkululeko yezwe iHaiti.
Umhla lulu-1 kuNdasa ngenye yezinsuku ezibalulekile ezweni i-Ethiopia, luphinde lubalwe njengoluqavile emlandweni we-Afrika. Lolu ngusuku e-Ethiopia olwamiselwa ukugubha nokukhumbula impi yase-Adwa, lapho amaqhawe akuleli lizwe eholwa iNkosi uMenelik II aqumba phansi amasotsha ase-Italy ayephokophelele ukushayelela izikhonkwane e-Ethiopia, ukuze ayenze ikoloni yayo. Ukugujwa kwalolu suku akwenzelwa ukuthi kugqanyiswe ubuhle bempi, kodwa luba yisikhumbuzo sokuthi umlando wase-Afrika uqukethe lukhulu okumele kungakhohlakali nanoma yinini.
Izwe i-Italy lahlangana nezimbila zithutha empini yase-Adwa ngonyaka we-1896. Inhloso ye-Italy kwakungukuthi nayo ifane namanye amazwe aseNyakatho ibe nama koloni emveni kokuba ayehlangene eBerlin ngowe-1884 ukuze azikamele ukuthi ubani ozobusa kuphi e-Afrika. Ngeshwa, i-Italy, yathola e-Ethiopia kukhona abaholi abafana noMenelik II, abacacisa ukuthi kungamane kufiwe kunokubo umhlaba waboHlanga uphathwe ngabavela ngaphandle. Le mpi, kanye nokunqoba kwe-Ethiopia, yaba yingxenye yezigameko e-Afrika, esaba umthombo kanye nesisekelo kwabaningi ababelwela inkululeko. Ukunqoba kwamaqhawe ase-Ethiopia e-Adwa, kungacishe kufaniswe nempi yaseSandlwana eyaba ngowe-1879 kuMasingana, lapho amaqhawe akwaZulu aqumba phansi amaNgisi. Yizigameko ezifana nalezi okumele zenze isizukulwane sanamuhla sazi ukuthi, amaqhawe akudala awadinganga ukufundiswa muntu ukuze azi ukuthi ayikho into elichilo njengokuthi ubuzwe kanye nomhlaba wakho uphathwe abanye abantu.
Ubuhlakani obakhonjiswa abase-Ethiopia e-Adwa buphinde bukhombise ukuthi emlandweni wase-Afrika, yayinkulu indima eyalinywa ngabesimame kwezokubuswa nokuphathwa kwamazwe. Emagameni asaphakanyiswa nanamuhla uma kukhunjulwa le mpi eleNdlovukazi uTaytu Bethul elibalwa njengalelo lalabo ababa nesandla ekutheni i-Italy inqontshwe, kanjani. Igama lakhe, nendima ayiqatha ebukhosini base-Ethiopia ngaleyo minyaka lingacishe lifaniswe negalelo eladlalwa amaqhawekazi afana noMkabayi kaJama, neNdlovukazi u-Anna Nzinga wobukhosi baseNdondo neMatamba, e-Angola. uNzinga, oweyengudadewabo weNkosi uNgola, wabamba iqhaza elikhulu ekuzameni ukubumba lesi sizwe, ekubeni yinxusa ebudlelwaneni namanye amazwe, nasekuholeni amabutho ayelwela ukugwema ukuthi izwe liphathwe yizifiki.
Esinye sezigameko ezikhombisa ukuthi abaseNyakatho babengenabo Ubuntu umlando ngokwenzeka eHaiti. Ngeminyaka we-1791 kuya kowe-1804 kwasuka uthuli lweziChwe eHaiti mhla izigqhila zivukela umbuso wezwe laseFrance, zilwela ukuthi nazo zikwazi ukuzibusa. Udweshu olwasuka lwaphetha ngokuthi ababenziwe izigqila bakhululeke, lwenza futhi ukuthi iHaiti ibe yizwe lokuqala emhlabeni ukuba ngeliphethwe ngaboHlanga okwenza ukuthi iHaiti ibe umthombo woqgozi kulabo ababelwela inkulukelo. Kodwa okuhlale kuyisilonda esingapholi kwaboHlanga ukuthi noma izigqila zaseHaiti zaphumelela ukuthi zithole inkululeko, yindlela iFrance, lixhaswe ngamanye amazwe aseNyakatho, abajezisa ngalo lelizwe.
Emveni kokunqoba kwezigqila iFrance yajezisa iHaiti ngokuthi alikhokhe isinxephezelo ngokulahlekelwa kwayo yinzuzo ebiyithola ngenkathi iHaiti iyikoloni yayo. Amazwe aseNyakatho asabisa ngokuthi iHaiti angeke yamukeleke emazweni omhlaba, futhi yayizonswinyeka uma lala ukukhokha lemali. Uma kuthathwa ngokwanamuhla inani lemali izwe lase Haiti elayikhokhela iFrance ibalelwa ezigidigidini ezingama-$21. Okuyimali izwe lase Haiti elaqala ukuyikhokha kancane kancane kusukela ngowe-1886 kwaze kwaba ngowe-1947. Lezi zumbulu zemali zazingasetshenziswa ekutheni kudlondlobaliswe izimpilo zezakhamuzi zaseHaiti. Uma kukhulunywa ngenhlupheko ekhona eHaiti namuhlanje kuvamile ukuthi kuqhakambiswe ukungaphathi kahle kwabaholi bakhona, kodwa kukhohlwe ukuthi leli lizwe laguqiswa phansi yile mali okwathiwa ayikhokhwe, ngenxa yokuthi lithole inkululeko. Okuphinde kuxake ukuthi le mpi yenkululeko eyaqalwa yizigqila yaqondana nonyaka lapho indlu yesishayamthetho yaseFrance yaphasisa umhlahlandlela wenkululeko yabantu owabizwa ngeDeclaration of the Rights of Man and Citizens ngowe-1789. Le Declaration nanamuhla isahanjiswa phambili njengenye yezinsika kanye nesisekelo esigqamisa amalungelo abo bonke abantu emhlabeni. Umlando waseHaiti uveza ukuthi indlela iFrance elaphatha ngayo aboHlanga, akukhombisi ukuthi babebona abaseHaiti njengabantu, nabo okumele babe nenkululeko.
Unyaka nonyaka uma izakhamuzi zase Ethiopia zibungaza impi yase-Adawa, ezaseHaiti zikhumbula impi yenkululelo, njengezimpawu zokunqoba ububi, kumele i-Afrika, naboHlanga bonkana izibone njengezi gameko zasemlandweni okumele zisenze siziqaje singaboHlanga. Okubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi kumele kube ngenye yezigameko ezisenza sibone ukuthi indlela eya enkululekweni iseyinde, kodwa izenzo zobabamkhulu zohlale zisinika ithemba lokuthi koze kuntwele ezansi.
- UMnu uSenzo Ngubane, unguGeneral Manager: Operations, e-ACCORD, okuyinhlangano ezimele esebenza ucwaningo lokudala uxolo ezwenikazi i-Afrika.
