Umlando weNdlovukazi uHatshepsut
Igama uHatshepsut, eliphinde libhalwe ngokuthi nguHatchepsut, kwakuyindlovukazi yaseGibhithe eyabusa ngeminyaka yowe-c. 1473–58 BCE eyazuza amandla angakaze abonwe kowesifazane, ethatha iziqu ezigcwele kanye nobukhosi bukafaro.
UHatshepsut, wayeyindodakazi endala yeNkosi uThutmose Wokuqala, unina kungu-Ahmose, owayeshade nomfowabo uThutmose Wesibili, indodana kaMutnofret. Njengoba amadodana ka-Mutnofret amathathu amadala afa ngaphambi kwesikhathi, uThutmose II wathatha isihlalo sobukhosi sikayise cishe ngo-1492 BCE, uHatshepsut waba unkosikazi wakhe. UHatshepsut wazala indodakazi eyodwa, uNeferure. Lapho umyeni wakhe eseshona cishe ngowe-1479 BCE, isihlalo sobukhosi sadluliselwa endodaneni yakhe uThutmose III, eyayizalwa ngu-Isis, indlovukazi encanae yamaHarem. Njengoba uThutmose III wayesemncane, uHatshepsut wasebenza njengebambabukhosi.
Eminyakeni embalwa yokuqala yokubusa kwendodana yakhe, uHatshepsut wayethathwa njengebamba elejwayelekile. Kodwa, ekupheleni konyaka wesikhombisa wokubusa kwakhe, wayesethweswe umqhele njengenkosi futhi wathatha igama eligcwele lobukhosi (umthetho wobukhosi owamukelwa ababusi baseGibhithe).
UHatshepsut noThutmose III manje base bengababusi ndawonye beGibhithe, kepha uHatshepsut kunguye owayenethonya kakhulu. Ngaphambilini uHatshepsut ubevezwe njengendlovukazi ejwayelekile, enomzimba wesifazane kanye nezingubo zowesifazane ezifanele. Kodwa, ngemva kwesikhathi esifushane sokuhlola okwakuhilela ukuhlanganisa umzimba wesifazane nezingubo ezazifakwa ngamakhosi, izithombe zakhe ezingokomthetho zaqala ukubonisa uHatshepsut enomzimba wesilisa, egqoke isigqoko sendabuko se-kilt, umqhele noma indwangu yekhanda, nentshebe yamanga.
Ukukuchitha lokhu njengomzamo omkhulu wokuzibonakalisa njengomuntu wesilisa kuwukungaqondi kahle ingqungquthela yezobuciko yaseGibhithe, ekhombisa izinto zingekho njengoba bezinjalo kodwa njengoba bekufanele zibenjalo. Ngokuzenza abonakale njengenkosi yendabuko, uHatshepsut waqinisekisa ukuthi yilokho ayezoba yikho.
UHatshepsut akakaze ngokuveza komlando achaze ukuthi kungani ethathe isihlalo sobukhosi noma ukuthi wancenga kanjani izikhulu zaseGibhithe ukuthi zamukele isikhundla sakhe esisha. Nokho, isici esibalulekile empumelelweni yakhe kwakuyiqembu lezikhulu ezithembekile, eziningi ezakhethwa nguye ngqo, ezazilawula zonke izikhundla ezibalulekile kuhulumeni wakhe. Owayegqame kakhulu phakathi kwalaba kwakunguSenenmut, owayesebenza njengomqondisi wayo yonke imisebenzi yasebukhosini futhi aphinde asebenze ukufundisa uNeferure.
Ngokwesiko, amakhosi aseGibhithe ayevikela izwe lawo ezitheni ezazicashe emingceleni yaseGibhithe. Ukubusa kukaHatshepsut kwakunokuthula, futhi inqubomgomo yakhe yangaphandle yayisekelwe kwezohwebo kunempi. Kodwa izigcawu ezisezindongeni zethempeli lakhe iDayr al-Baḥrī, entshonalanga yeThebes, zisikisela ukuthi waqala ngomkhankaso wezempi omfushane, owaba impumelelo eNubia. Izigcawu eziphelele zibonisa uhambo luka-Hatshepsut lokuhweba olwandle oluya e-Punt, isikhungo sokuhweba esesingasekho manje ogwini olusempumalanga ye-Afrika ngaphesheya komkhawulo oseningizimu woLwandle Olubomvu. Igolide, umsimbithi, izikhumba zezilwane, izimfene, imure egayiwe, nezihlahla zemure eziphilayo zabuyiselwa eGibhithe, futhi izihlahla zatshalwa emasimini eDayr al-Baḥrī.
Ukuvuselela nokwakha ungqalasizinda kwakuyimisebenzi ebalulekile yasebukhosini. UHatshepsut esebenzisa amanga wathi, usewulungisile umonakalo owenziwe amakhosi akwaHyksos (Asia) ayewudale ngesikhathi sokubusa kwawo eGibhithe. Wenza uhlelo olukhulu lokwakha. EThebes lokhu kwakugxile emathempelini kayise ngokomoya, unkulunkulu wesizwe u-Amon-Re (u-Amoni).
Ethempelini laseKarnak, walungisa kabusha ihholo likayise omzalayo, wengeza indawo engcwele yethempeli (iRed Chapel), futhi wethula amapheya ama-obelisks amabili. EBeni Hasan emaphakathi neGibhithe, wakha ithempeli elakhiwe ngamatshe elaziwa ngesiGreki ngokuthi iSpeos Artemidos.
Impumelelo yakhe enkulu konayo yonke kwakuyithempeli lakhe iDayr al-Baḥrī; eyayakhelwe njengesikhumbuzo somngcwabo kaHatshepsut, yanikezelwa(dedicated) ku-Amon-Re futhi yafaka nochungechunge lwezindlu zokugezela ezinikezelwe ku-Osiris, Re, Hathor, Anubis, kanye nokhokho basebukhosini. UHatshepsut wayezongcwatshwa eSigodini Samakhosi, lapho anweba khona ithuna likayise ukuze bobabili balale ndawonye.
Ngasekupheleni kokubusa kwakhe, uHatshepsut wavumela uThutmose ukuba adlale indima evelele kakhulu ezindabeni zombuso; Ngemva kokufa kwakhe, uThutmose III wabusa iGibhithe yedwa iminyaka engama-33. Ekupheleni kokubusa kwakhe, kwenziwa umzamo wokususa yonke into eyayihlanganisa noma igqamisa ukubusa kukaHatshepsut.
Amafuzamuntu akhe abhidlizwa, izikhumbuzo zakhe zacekelwa phansi, negama lakhe lasuswa ohlwini lwamakhosi asemthethweni. Izazi zakuqala zakuchaza lokhu njengesenzo sokuziphindiselela, kodwa kubonakala sengathi uThutmose wayeqinisekisa ukuthi ukulandelana kwakuzosuka kuThutmose I kuye kuThutmose II kuye kuThutmose III ngaphandle kokuphazamiswa ngowesifazane.
Umlando weNdlovukazi uHatshepsut wacwila ebumnyameni kwaze kwaba ngowe-1822, lapho ukuqoshwa kombhalo we-hieroglyphic kuvumela abavukuzi (archaeologists) ukuba bafunde imibhalo yeDayr al-Baḥrī. Ekuqaleni ukuphikisana kwezithombe zowesilisa kepha igama kwelomuntu wesifazane kwadala ukudideka, kodwa namuhla ukulandelana kwamakhosi uThutmose Wokuqala kuye kuThutmose Wesibili Nowesithathu kuqondwa kahle.
