Ikhalenda lika-Adamu: Isiza esidala kunazo zonke emhlabeni?
IKhalenda lika-Adam liphakanyiswa ngokuyimpikiswano ukuthi libe yisakhiwo esidala kunazo zonke esakhiwe umuntu emhlabeni. Kwesinye isikhathi ibizwa ngokuthi “i-African Stonehenge”, yandulela iStonehenge neGreat Pyramid yaseGiza amashumi ezinkulungwane zeminyaka. Itholakala eMpumalanga, eNingizimu Afrika iyindilinga yetshe emile cishe engamamitha angama-30 ububanzi futhi ilinganiselwa kwamanye ama-akhawunti ukuthi ineminyaka engaphezu kuka-75,000 ubudala. Ukuqondanisa okuhlukahlukene kwezinkanyezi kukhonjwe kusayithi futhi kungenzeka ukuthi kuyisibonelo sodwa sekhalenda lamatshe elisebenza ngokuphelele, elisebenza ngokuphelele emhlabeni wonke.
Kusabalele kuzo zonke izintaba zaseNingizimu Afrika izinkulungwane zamanxiwa ayindilinga yamatshe. Izilinganiso zokuqala zenani lala manxiwa zenziwa ngo-1891 ngumhloli wamazwe oyiNgisi uTheodore Bent. Ulinganise ukuthi balinganiselwa ku-4 000 kule ndawo yomhlaba. Ngo-1974 isilinganiso sase sikhuphukele ku-20 000. Namuhla, umcwaningi negunya ngale ndaba, uMichael Tellinger, ulinganisele inani lamanxiwa amatshe asendulo abe yi-100,000 noma mhlawumbe ngaphezulu kakhulu. Eminye yale “mibuthano yamatshe” ayinayo iminyango noma indawo yokungena kuyilapho iningi lixhunywe inethiwekhi enkulu yamashaneli evame ukuhunyushwa ngokungeyikho ngokuthi “imigwaqo” ezinye izazi-mlando. Le gridi exhunyiwe yamanxiwa ayindilinga icwiliswe endaweni ebonakala ingapheli yamasimu asendulo ezolimo azungeze izakhiwo. IKhalenda lika-Adamu libhekwa njengelidume kakhulu phakathi kwala manxiwa.
Le sayithi yaziwa ngabantu abadala base-Afrika, ngokuthi “Indawo Yokuzalwa KweLanga” noma “Inzalo y’Langa”, le ndawo yaziswa okokuqala emphakathini ngo-2003 ngumshayeli wamabhanoyi waseNingizimu Afrika uJohan Heine. Wayesendize phezu kwezintaba zaseMpumalanga, eNingizimu Afrika iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-20 futhi waba nesithakazelo ezinkulungwaneni zamatshe ayindilinga ayinqaba asakazeke kuso sonke isifunda futhi waqala ukuzithwebula. Lapho ebonisana nochwepheshe ngemvelaphi yabo, waziswa ukuthi babeyizinsalela “zesibaya sezinkomo” (indawo ebiyelwe imfuyo) eyashiywa abantu baseBantu lapho besuka enyakatho ngeminyaka yekhulu le-14. Namuhla le thiyori ibonakala ikude nencazelo ecacile njengoba izakhiwo zingafani nanoma yimiphi eminye imiklamo yesibaya sezinkomo saseBantu, esivame ukwakhiwa ngezihlahla ezinameva, ezinesango elilodwa lokungena lezinkomo. Kukhona futhi izinkulungwane ezimbalwa zazo ezisabalele phezu kwamashumi ezinkulungwane zamamayela.
Ukuphahlazeka komoya okuhilela elinye labasebenzi bakhe kwenze uJohan athole ngephutha umbuthano ongaqondakali wemonolithic. Endleleni yokuthola omunye wabashayeli bakhe abaphahlaze indiza yakhe onqenqemeni lwewa, uJohan wabona ukuhlelwa kwamatshe amakhulu aphuma emhlabathini eduze kwendawo yengozi. Ngesikhathi ehlenga umshayeli olimele ezansi nedwala, uJohan wahamba waya kumamonoliths futhi waqaphela ukuthi ayeqondaniswe nezindawo eziyinhloko – enyakatho, eningizimu, empumalanga nasentshonalanga – kanye ne-equinox nesolstices. Okungenani kwakukhona amamonoliths angu-3 aqondaniswe ekuphumeni kwelanga, kodwa ohlangothini olusentshonalanga lwamamonoliths aqondile kwakukhona imbobo eyinqaba emhlabathini. Ngemva kwamasonto nezinyanga zokulinganisa nokubheka, uJohan wasola ukuthi kwakuyikhalenda lamatshe.
Le ndawo ibizwa ngokufanelekile ngokuthi iKhalenda lika-Adam ngoba amatshe abekwe ukulandelela ukunyakaza kwelanga, okwenza izithunzi edwaleni. Isasebenza kahle njengekhalenda namuhla ngokulandela isithunzi sokushona kwelanga, esiphonswa imonolith ende emaphakathi etsheni eliyisicaba eliseduze kwalo. Leli khalenda elimangalisayo ekuqaleni laliyisakhiwo esikhulu samatshe esiyindilinga esifana neStonehenge futhi phakathi nendawo ‘yomjikelezo’ kunamatshe amabili aqondile okuthiwa aqoshiwe. Ukuma kwayo kwasekuqaleni kusabonakala ngokucacile ezithombeni zesathelayithi. Amatshe wonke angamadolomite, anesisindo esingamathani angu-5 lilinye, futhi kuthiwa athuthwa esuka endaweni ekude. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi indawo ezungeze iKhalenda lika-Adamu inothe kakhulu ngegolide. Sekubikwe imigodi eminingi yezimayini kule ndawo kanti enye yezimayini ezicebe kakhulu emhlabeni namuhla iSheba Gold Mine, eseMpumalanga. Akukhona nje kuphela ukuthi izixhobo zegolide ezinothile zakhanga ukunaka ngeminyaka yawo-1880, kodwa ubufakazi bokuqala bemiphakathi eyingqophamlando yokumba amaminerali bachazwa emibhalweni ngabaseYurophu bokuqala.
Izibalo zokuqala zeminyaka yekhalenda zenziwa ngokusekelwe ekukhuleni kwe-Orion, umlaza owaziwa ngezinkanyezi zawo ezintathu ezikhanyayo ezakha “ibhande” lomzingeli wenganekwane. Umhlaba uyanyakaza ku-eksisi yawo, ngakho izinkanyezi nemilaza zishintsha i-engeli yazo yokwethulwa esibhakabhakeni sasebusuku ngomjikelezo. Lokhu kuzungeza, okubizwa ngokuthi iprecession kuqeda umjikelezo cishe njalo eminyakeni engu-26,000. Ngokunquma ukuthi izinkanyezi ezintathu zebhande le-Orion zazibekwe nini zayisicaba (ezivundlile) emkhathizwe, kungenzeka ukulinganisa isikhathi lapho amatshe amathathu ekhalendeni ayehambisana nalezi zinkanyezi. NgokukaTellinger, isibalo esenziwe isazi sezinkanyezi uBill Hollenbach esisekelwe ekukhuleni kwe-Orion saphakamisa iminyaka yendawo okungenani engu-75,000. Esinye isibalo esenziwe ngoJuni 2009, saphakamisa iminyaka yobudala okungenani engu-160,000, ngokusekelwe ekukhuleni kwe-Orion ‘flat on the horizon’ kodwa futhi ‘nokuguguleka kwamatshe edolerite’ atholakala endaweni. Ezinye izingcezu zamatshe omaka zazinqanyuliwe zahlala phansi, zivezwe ukuguguleka kwemvelo. Lapho izingcezu zihlanganiswa ndawonye cishe u-3 cm wetshe lase ligugile. Lezi zibalo zisize ukuhlola ubudala besayithi ngokubala izinga lokuguguleka kwedolerite.
Ukutholwa kwakamuva nokuthakazelisa kakhulu kweziyingi zamatshe kanye neKhalenda lika-Adam yimisindo yemisindo yokwakheka kwamadwala avela emhlabeni ngaphansi kwawo. Ngobuchwepheshe besimanje, uTellinger nososayensi bakwazile ukuthola nokulinganisa amaza omsindo ngezakhiwo ze-acoustic ezenziwe emhlabeni ngaphakathi kweziyingi ezihambisa ugesi. Lawa maza omsindo omhlaba ngaphansi kwamatshe amise okwezimbali zejometri engcwele njengoba ebonakala phansi.
Kusekuningi okusazoqondwa ngekhalenda lika-Adamu, okuhlanganisa ukuthi ubani owawakha, ukuthi impucuko yawo yayinjani, nokuthi balakha kanjani ngezilinganiso ezinembe kangaka. Mhlawumbe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ucwaningo olwengeziwe luzohlanganisa le mfihlakalo yangaphambi komlando.