Ubumqoka bokucwaninga ngemishanguzo
UDkt uMngqibisa ungudokotela wezempilo.
Ucwaningo luyingxenye eyisidingo engehlukaniswe nokuthuthukisa impilo. Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zokucwaninga kodwa engizogxila kulona kulo mbhalo yilolo lokucwaninga ngezokwelapha.
Ucwaningo lozokwelapha luyingxenye yesayensi yokunakekela impilo olwenziwa kubantu. Inhloso yalo ukuthi luthola ukuphepha nomthelela bemithi, nezindlela zokuhlonza nezokwelapha noma izinto zokwelapha okufanele zisetshenziswe kubantu ukuqinisekisa ukunakekelwa kweziguli. Kuleli khulunyaka eledlule kube nenqubekela phambili ocwaningweni lwezokwelashwa okufaka futhi okungagcini ekuthuthukiseni imithi emisha, ezokusebenza nangezindlela zokusebenza. Umehluko phakathi kocwaningo nokwelapha ukuthi ukwelapha osekuhloliwe kuyasetshenziswa kanti ucwaningo oluwubufakazi buyaqoqwa ukwenza ezokwelapha.
Izindlela ezahlukile zocwaningo zibandakanya kodwa kungagcini lapha:
- Ukunikeza abacwaningwayo ukungenelela ngokwemithi, ezokwelapha ingqondo, noma izindlela ezintsha zokuhlinzwa noma ezokusebenzisa imisebe ukuze babheke izindlela ezingcono zokwelapha sifo thizeni.
- Ukubheka izindlela ezingcono zokuvimbela izifo zingaqhubeki noma zingaphindeki; ukucwaninga ngemigomo.
- Ukubheka izindlela ezingcono zokuhlonza izifo esimweni esithile.
- Ukubheka izindlela okwezeka ngazo, izimbangela nokulawula okuyizigulo emaqoqweni abantu okubizwa ngokuthi ucwaningo lombhedukane.
Ngamafuphi, inhloso yocwaningo ukwazisa ngokuzokwenziwa ekuhlonzeni izifo nezinkinga zempilo, ukuvimbela ukuqhubeka nokuziphinda kwesifo nokwehlisa isibalo sabantu abagulayo, ukwelapha izifo ukuze amazinga okusimama abengcono noma ukunyusa isibalo sabantu abasindayo ngakho-ke kuba ngcono izingaqho lempilo mayelana nesifo esithile.
Yize ulwazi olusha lulokhu luqhamuka ngocwaningo kuzolokhu kunezikhala okudinga ukuba kubhekwane nazo yingakho kunesidingo esiqhubekayo ukuthuthukisa okwenzeka manje nokuthola okungcono, okulula, okuphephile nokungumthelela ekwelapheni izifo ezikhona nezingaqubuka. Sisenezifo eziningi ezingalapheki ezidinga ukuba kulokhu kucwaningiwe ukuze zelashwe noma zibe nokugonyelwa kulabo abangakazitholi.
Kungani sidinga ukuba kucwaningwe
Imithi ekhona idinga ukulawulwa ibhekisiswe ukuthi inomthelela onjani futhi kuphephile ukuyisebenzisa isikhathi eside. Lokhu kumqoka emithini emisha evunyiwe.
Ucwaningo ngemithi emisha: Sibone kukhula ukungezweli kwemithi ezifweni ezifana nofuba (TB). Lokhu kwadinga ukuba kube nocwaningo olunzulu nolusheshayo ukuthola imithi emisha ukwelapha lolu fuba olusha iMDR TB ngoba imithi ebikhona ukwelapha iTB ibingasasebenzi. Lokhu kuholele komahlalakhona abaningi sakubulaweni wufuba. Esinye isibonelo yisandulelangculaza lapho imithi elula engenabo ubuthi obuningi yasungulwa eminyakeni eminingi edlule. Ezifweni eziningi kugxilwe kulokho okuhlala isikhathi eside egazini okungezukuthathwa (kudliwa) njalo noma kube nephilisi elilodwa elinemithi emibili exutshiwe.
Izifo ezintsha ziyaqubuka:
Ubhubhane lwekhuvethe esiphila nalo kumanje luwubufakazi bokuthi lokhu kuyenzeka. Akekho owayecabanga ukuthi siyophila nobhubhane kumanje.
Ucwaningo olubandakanya abantu lulokhu lwaba yingxenye yezokwelapha amakhulunyaka amaningi. Ngasekuqaleni kwekhulunyaka lama-20 ucwaningo olwenziwa kubantu lwase luvele luvumelekile uma kuqale kwenziwa ucwaningo olunzulu ezilwaneni. Uhlelo luqala ngokuthi kwenziwe ucwaningo ezilwaneni ukuhlola ukuthi uyasebenza yini umuthi. Uma kunezinkomba zokuthi uyasebenza uve usuhlolwa kubantu abambalwa okuba yizigaba ezine. Ukuhlola esigabeni ngasinye kunenhloso ehlukile futhi kusiza ososayensi ukuba baphendule imibuzo eminingi.
Isigaba I sokuhlola: Abacwaningi bahlola umuthi abalinga ngawo eqoqweni elinabantu abambalwa (20-50) okokuqala. Lesi sigaba socwaningo sivame ukwenziwa kubantu abaphilile abazinikelayo futhi basiza abacwaningi ukuthola ukuthi umuthi uphephile yini, ungathathwa ube ngakanani ngokuphephile, nokuthi awunawo yini umthelela ongemuhle. Uma kutholakala ukuthi uphephile kube sekuqhutshekelwa esigabeni sesi-2.
Isigaba II sokuhlola:
Umuthi obekulingwa ngawo unikezwa iqoqo elikhudlwana (100) ukubona ukuthi unomthelela ongakanani okuwukuthi wenzenjani esimweni esicwaningwayo nokuthi ubuye kulinganiswe ukuphepha kwawo. Uma lokhu sekukhonjisiwe sekungadlulelwa esigabeni sesi-3.
Isigaba III sokuhlola:
Ocwaningweni olulingayo umuthi unikezwa iqoqo elikhulu, abangamakhulu kuya ezinkulungwaneni. Abacwaningi baqinisekisa umthelela, imithelela engemihle futhi basebenzise lesi sigaba ukuqhathanisa nemithi ekhona esetshenziswayo (uma ikhona), baqoqe ulwazi oluzobavumela ukuba basebenzise umuthi olingwayo ngokuphepha. Umcwaningi futhi uzama ukufaka iqoqo Labantu abazinhlobonhlobo abaqhamuka ezindaweni ezahlukile ukuze imiphumele yalokhu kuhlola kusebenze kubantu abaningi.
Ingxenye enkulu yalesi sigaba socwaningo lwenziwa emazweni ase-Afrika nawaphesheya. Uma imiphumela yalesi sigaba imihle okuwukuthi ikhombisa ukuphepha nokulwa nesifo esicwaningwayo, kunikezwa igunya ukuba usetshenziswe izizinda ezilawulwayo njengeFDA neSAHPRA nezinye. Imininingwane mayelana nezigulo ezingaqhamuka kulokhu kuhlola zibhalwa zibe wuhlu zifakwe ephaketheni elifaka imithi.
Isigaba IV sokuhlola:
Ukucwaninga emveni kokuthi imithi iqale ukudayisa kwenziwa emveni kokuba kuvunyiwe ukusetshenziswa kwayo yiFDA, kuhlinzekwe olunye ulwazi kubandakanya ubungcuphe bokusebenzisa umuthi, okuzuzwayo ngokuwusebenzisa nokusebenzisa ngendlela efanele. Abanekekeli balindeleke ukuba babike ngezigulo ezibonakale ezigulini ngesikhathi kuhlolisiswa.
Umkhakha wocwaningo ulawulwa ngokujulile futhi udinga ukuvunywa izinhlaka ezilawulayo njengeSAHPRA kanye noMnyango Wezempilo ngaphambi kokuba ucwaningo luqale. Amakomidi okuziphatha aba namaqoqo ososayensi ahlukene nabamele umphakathi abangekho emkhakheni wezokwelapha ababhekela impilonhle, ukuphepha, nokuvikeleka kulaba abayingxenye yocwaningo. La makomidi aqinisekisa ukuthi ucwaningo luhlelwe ngokuyikho, kubhekelelwa indawo lapho lwenziwa khona, futhi lwabukisiswa ngokwesayensi nangokuziphatha okufanele.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukho konke ukuziphatha ngokocwaningo, kunabacwaningimabhuku abahambela izindawo okusetshenzelwa kuzo ukuhlola nokuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwalabo abasetshenziswa ekucwaningeni. Abanye abaphosa iso amabhodi abeluleki omphakathi amela umphakathi okunhloso yawo ukuvikela imiphakathi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ucwaningo oluqhubekayo alulimazi imiphakathi yawo.
Uma noma yiluphi uhlaka olunegunya lubona ukuthi kukhona ukungaphephi, ucwaningo luyamiswa okwesikhashana kusahlaziywa. Luzoqhubeka kuphela uma sekunesiqiniseko. Uma kungenjalo ucwaningo lumiswa unomphelo. Sakubona lokhu ngomgomo wokhuvethe lapho eminye yamiswa okwesikhashana ngenxa yokubhekelela ukuphepha. Lokhu kwenzeka izikhathi eziningi yize abantu bengazi ngakho. Ukuphepha yikhona okwenza ucwaningo luqhubeke.
Ucwaningo lulawulwa imigomo ehlose ukunciphisa ukulimala kubantu ababa yingxenye yocwaningo. Ukuvimbela nokugwema ukulimala kwabayingxenye yocwaningo kusemqoka kakhulu futhi kukhomba ukuthi ucwaningo luzoqhubeka yni noma cha. Umgomo osemqoka noseqhulwini ‘ukuzivumela kwabantu abazoba yingxenye kuyisidingo esinqala’.
Akukho muntu ongasetshenziselwa ucwaningo ngaphandle kokuthi avume ukuba yingxenye yocwaningo. Abacwaningi kufanele bacwaninge ngendlela yokuthi bakhombisa ukukuhlonipha ukuzikhethela kwabo. Lokhu kubandakanya nokuthi bona bazikhethela kanjani ukuthi babe yingxenye yocwaningo.
Ukuvumelana umgudu wokuqala uma kukhona ongena emtholampilo njengalowo ongaba yingxenye yocwaningo. Ucwaningo ludingidwa kafushane ukuze kutholakale umuntu ongaba nentshisekelo yalo. Uma benayo bayaye sebethathwa beyiswa egumbini elikhethekile lapho begcwalisa khona ifomu lokuvuma elicaciswayo ikhasi nekhasi. Umuntu unikezwa ithuba lokuba abuze konke afisa ukukubuza ngesikhathi echazelwa ngefomu nasemveni kokuligcwalisa. Kuphela uma umuntu evuma bese eba yingxenye yocwaningo.
Ucwaningo olubandakanya abantu ludingeka ekuthuthukiseni impilo yomuntu emhlabeni jikelele. Ngaphandle kocwaningo ngeke sazi ukuthi yimiphi imithi esebenzayo, nokuthi kukuphi, kunini, nakangakanani lapho iphephe khona.
Ulwazi nokungenelela okukhona ukulawula isifo akwanele ukubhekana nezinkinga zezempilo futhi kuhlala kukhona isidingo esiwumlibe sokuthola olunye ulwazi nokuthuthukisa izindlela ezinomthelela ongcono wokwelapha, ukuvikela onkuthukisa impilo kunciphe isifo. Noma sekuqhutshekwa kucwaningwa abantu abazoba yingxenye bayadingeka. Kungaba yinoma wubani ozinikelayo. Kuyindlela yokunikela ekuthuthukiseni ukunakekelwa ngokwezempilo.