Sibuyekeza ezibe sematheni nonyaka e-Afrika
NONYAKA ziningi izigameko ezingabalwa ezibe sematheni zaphinde zaba nohlonze kwezepolitiki, ukuphathwa kwamazwe, ukwakha ukubuyisana nokuthula emazweni ehlukene, kanye nokuqinisa ukudlelwano phakathi kwamazwe ehlukene e-Afrika. Kwezokuphathwa kwamazwe, esifundeni se-Afrika Eseningizimu, izingungquko ezenzeke eNingizimu Afrika, eBotswana naseZimbabwe zibe sematheni. ObenguMengameli waseBotswana, uMnu u-Ian Khama wabeka phansi izintambo kuMbasa, wazishiyela lowo obeyiphini lakhe uMnu uMokgweetsi Masisi. Lesi sinyathelo sikaKhama, sesaba yi‘siko’ lweqembu elibusayo iBotswana Democratic Party (BDP) lapho uMengameli ophethe ehla esihlalweni singakapheli isikhathi sakhe ukuze avulele inkundla lowo oyiphini lakhe, noma oqokiwe ukuba athathe lesi sikhundla. Ngezizathu ezingefaniswe nezaseBotswana, iNingizimu Afrika nayo yazithola isinoMengameli omusha nonyaka, ngaphambi kokuba kuphele isikhathi salowo owayekulesi sikhundla. Ukuphumelela kukaMnu uCyril Ramaphosa engqungqutheleni yeqembu elibusayo i-African National Congress (ANC) nyakenye, kwadala ukuthi leli qembu lizithole libhekene nobunzima kwezobuholi okwaphetha ngokuthi lowo owayenguMengameli, uMnu uJacob Zuma, esule esikhundleni.
EZimbabwe ukuphumelela kukaMnu u-Emmerson Mnangagwa okhethweni lukaMengameli kwandisa amathemba kwabaninigi ukuthi leli lizwe selisendleni ezokwakha kabusha umnotho, liphinde lilungise ubudlelwane balo namazwe amaningi. Noma ngabe uMnangagwa amukelwa ngamazwe amaningi, izikhalo zikaMnu uChamisa ohola iqembu eliphikisayo iMovement for Democratic Change (MDC) zaba ngezinye okwakhulunywa ngazo. Isinqumo sikaMnangagwa sokuqoka uwayenguMengameli waseNingizimu Afrika uMnu uKgalema Montlanthe ukuba ahole ikhomishana yophenyo mayelana nodlame olwaqubuka ngesikhathi sokhetho eZimbabwe, sathathwa njengaleso esikhombisa ukuzimisela kwakhe ukuhola uHulumeni ngendlela eyahlukile kunaphambilini.
Lo nyaka usongwa nje, elinye lamazwe ayingxenye yesifunda se-Afrika Eseningizimu, iMadagascar kubhekeke ukuba iphothule, ngaphandle kwezihibe, ukhetho lukaMengameli. Kulolu khetho olubanjwe mhla zili- 19 kuZibandlela kutholene phezulu izimbangi ezindala, futhi ezake zasengamela lesi sikhundla phambilini, uMnu uRavalomanana kanye noMnu uRajoelena.
IDemocratic Republic of Congo (DRC) izovala inkundla kule ngqikithi yokuphathwa kwamazwe, ngoba iya okhethweni mhla zingama-23 kwephezulu. Lolu khetho lube sematheni nonyaka ngoba lungokokuqala oluzodala ukuthi lowo obesehlale esikhundleni iminyaka eli-17, uMnu uJoseph Kabila, ehle esikhundleni.
Sisekuyo le ngqikithi yokuphathwa kwamazwe, izinguquko kwezepolitiki ezweni lase-Ethiopia nazo zibe semathethini. KuNhlolanja nonyaka, uMnu uHailemariam Desalegn wesula esikhundleni sokuba nguNdunankulu okwadala ukuthi iqembu elibusayo liqoke uMnu u-Abiy Ahmed. Ukwesula kukaMnu uDesalgn kwandulelwa yimibhikisho ezweni eyayihlangene nempicabadala kubudlelwano obukhona phakathi kwezakhamuzi ezidabula ezifundazweni ezahlukene ezweni. Noma lesi sinyathelo sabanga ukuqokwa kuka-Ahmed kwadala ukuthi kuqopheke umlando kwezepolitiki yamazwe ase-Afrika ngoba. Kube ngokokuqala eminyakeni eyevile kwengama-20 lapho i-Ethiopia iqale indlela yokuthi kuvuleke amathuba okuxhumana nomakhelwane wayo i-Eritrea. Ukuqala ukwakha ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-Ethiopia ne-Eritrea kwathakaselwa kakhulu ngoba womabili la mazwe ayaziwa ukuthi anesandla ezimweni ezikhona emazweni angomakhelwane afana neSomalia, kanye neSouth Sudan. IPhalamende lase- Ethiopia, emveni kokuqokwa kukaNdunakhulu omusha liphinde laqopha umlando ngokukhetha ngokokuqala owesifazane ukuba abe nguMengameli wezwe. Ukuqokwa kukaNkk uSahle- Work Zewde, kwathathwa njengesinyathelo esibanzi futhi esihambisana nezivumelwano zakudala ezwenikazi zokuthi amazwe aqinisekise ukuthi abesifazane babe neqhaza abalidlalayo kwezepolitiki. Lesi sinqumo sase-Ethiopia sathakaselwa kakhulu ngoba senzeke emveni kokuba izwe iRwanda nonyaka, lidalulwe njengalelo eselikwazile ukumelana nentshisekelo yokwandisa inani labesifazane abanezikhundla eziqavile kuHulumeni.
E-Afrika Esenyakatho, ukwehluleka kukaHulumeni waseLibya ukudala ukuthula ezweni lonkana kube kuqhubekile nokuba sematheni. Kusalokhu kunhlanga zimuka nomoya emizamweni yamazwe nezinhlangano ezahlukene okubalwa i-United Nations (UN), ne-European Union (EU), ukuthi kwakheke ukuthula kuleli lizwe. Yilesi simo sempi yombango engapheli esadala ukuba ukhetho obelunbhekwe ngabovu nonyaka luhlehliselwe unyaka ozayo. Kulo nyaka lesi sifunda siqhubekile nokuzithola sigxekwa kuphindelela ngokwehluleka ukuvikela abangokudabuka e-Afrika uma bezithola besemazweni aso. Amazwe ase-Afrika Esenyakatho angumgudu osetshenzizwa ngabangokudabuka e-Afrika uma bephokophelele ukuzama impilo engcono kwamanye amazwe, ikakhulukazi e-Europe.
Kwezinye zezifunda zezwekazi ziqhubekile ukubonakala izimo eziyinkomba yokuthi yinde indlela okusamele ihanjwe ukuze kwakhekhe uxolo emazweni amaningi. Lezi zifana, nempi yombango eCameroon edinga ukuba ifakelwe amehlo, ikakhulukazi yi-African Union (AU). Leli lizwe liye okhethweni nonyaka kepha izakhamuzi eziningi zihlezi ngaphansi kwengcindezi. Isivumelwano sokubuyisana nokudala uxolo kubaholi baseSouth Sudan saba ngenye yezivelele nonyaka, noma kusabonakala ukuthi kuningi okusamele kwenziwe ukuze izakhamuzi zaleli lizwe zithole ukuthula.
Ezwenikazi jikelele, zibonakele izinyathelo ezithathwe yi- African Union (AU) ukufeza izibophezelo zokuthuthukisa indlela le Nhlangano esebenza ngayo, nokuqinisa izinhlaka zayo ezahlukene ukuze zikwazi ukumelana nezingqinamba ezikhona ezwenikazi. Okubalulekayo kulezi zinyathelo nonyaka kube yisinqumo sokuguqula uhlelo olubizwa ngeNew Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) ukuba lube yi-AU Development Agency (AUDA). Ukubaluleka kwalesi sinyathelo kulele ekutheni, i-AU ayikwazi ukuba ilokhu iqhubekile nokwehluleka ukuhlela ngesinwe izinhlaka zayo ukuze ikwazi ukuhola zonke izinhlelo eziqonde ukudlondlobalisa iminotho yamazwe nokwandisa ubudlelwano ikakhulukazi kwezomnotho ezwenikazi.
Onyakeni ozayo, ezizobhekwa ngabovu yiNgqgungquthela yokuqala yonyaka ye-AU ezobanjwa enhlokodolobha ye-Ethiopia, i-Addis Ababa. Kokuningi okulindelwe kule ngqngquthela ukuthi abaholi bazothini ngentshisekelo abayenza eminyankeni emihlanu edlule yokuthi boqeda zonke izimpi ezwenikazi ngonyaka wezi-2020. Okunye okuzoba sematheni ngonyaka ozayo ukhetho ukhetho oluzobanjwa kumazwe amaningi abalulekile ezwenikazi okubalwa iNigeria zili-16 kuNhlolanja; eSenegal zingama-24 kuNhlolanja; iNingizimu Afrika ngoNhlaba wezi-2019; iBotswana; iNambia kanye neMozambique.
