Ingqungquthela yeshumi yeBRICS inomthelela emnothweni wakuleli

INGQUNGQUTHELA yamazwe angamadlandawonye eBRICS, isingeyeshumi selokhu ahlangana la mazwe amahlanu. Lo mhlangano usulethe eminingi imibono maqondana neqhingasu lalawa mazwe, okungukuthi inhloso yawo ewodwana kanye naleyo ebhekene namazwe angewona amalunga awo ayini. Ikakhulukazi elaseNingizimu Afrika njengoba kuyilona elifana nenkonyane phakathi kwezinkunzi. Kuzokhumbuleka phela ukuthi, kula mazwe amahlanu, okuyiBrazil, iRussia, i-India, iChina neSouth Africa awalingani nhlobo ngobukhulu. Kungase kube ubukhulu babantu bala mazwe kumbe ubukhulu bomnotho, noma ubukhulu begalelo izwe ngalinye elinalo emhlabeni jikelele. Uma singake sibuyele emuva kancane, sikhumbuzane ngokuthi yamenywa nini iNingizimu Afrika ukuzibandakanya nala mazwe eBRICS.

Unyaka kwabe kungowezi-2010, zingama-24 kuZibandlela mhla imenywa ngokusemthethweni iNingizimu Afrika kula mazwe amane. Ukubunjwa kwale nhlanganiso kwabe kuhambisana neqhinga lamazwe azithatha ngokuthi asathuthuka futhi ache ndawonye ngokwebalazwe lomhlaba. La mazwe azithatha ngokuthi adinga ukuxoxisana kanzulu ukuze akhe amasu amasha okuthi angazikhulisa kanjani kwezepolitiki, umnotho nokubambisana kokuningi okumele awakwenzele abantu bawo. La mazwe amahlanu ngokomumo wamazwe atholakala eNyakatho nomhlaba. Nxa kusabunjwa lo mqondo wokuhlangana kwala mazwe, kwamele kube amazwe asendaweni eyodwa ngokwebalazwe lomhlaba, futhi abe amazwe acishe abe kucabanga kunye maqondana nokumele makwenzeke ezindabeni eziphathelene nokubuswa komhlaba. Phela kwelokubusa umhlaba, kuyazeka ukuthi sekuphele cishe iminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu kukhonya izinkunzi ezizodwa emhlabeni, ikakhulu ekuphathweni kwezezimali nemigomo emaqondana nokwalusa umhlaba.

La mazwe abelokhu engobhongoza yi-USA nedlelana nabo okungamazwe ikakhulukazi ase-Europe, oGermany, iFrance, iBritain namanye. Yingakho lamazwe namanje nawo anezawo izinkundla lapho ehlangana khona wodwa njengoG7, njalonjalo. Nxa ubukisisa izingodlamali okuyizona ziboleka amazwe onke omhlaba ezifana noWorld Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF) ezibizwa ngokuthi amaBretton Woods Institutions zonke ziphethwe i-USA namazwe ase-Europe. Yize noma lezi zinhlangano zakhiwa ngawo-1944 okunhloso yazo kwabe kungukwakha kabusha ingqalasizinda yomhlaba ikakhulu zamazwe ayechaphazeleke kakhulu emuva kwempi yomhlaba yesibili nokuletha ukubambisana kwezomnotho emhlabeni jikelele; kuyabonakala nokho ukuthi zombili lezi zinda zibe lusizo olukhulu nganxanye. Amazwe abesizakala nasasizakala kakhulu ngalezi zinda zeBretton Woods Institutions kuseyiwona lawo aseNtshonalanga kanye ne-USA.

Indlela lezi zinda ezibuswa ngayo, kunezinkonondo zokuthi zisenokwenzelela okukhulu okugcina kuletha ukunganeliseki kwamanye amazwe omhlaba. Iziphakamiso eziningi zokuthi zihlelwe kabusha lezi zizinda zokuphathwa kwezimali zibonakala ziwela emhlane wedada njengamanzi. Amazwe ase-USA nawase-Europe abonakala eqhubeka nokutibila engazimisele ukwenza uguquko. Ngenxa yokuthi la mazwe aphethe izizumbulu zamadola futhi nxashana eboleka amazwe amancane, kubakhona intela enkulu ayibizayo egcina iphenduke isikhinyabezo esikhulu kula mazwe asathuthuka. Yingakho ukukhula kweminotho yawo kugqoza. Njalo lapho kumele akhule la mazwe, sonke isikhathi ayakhunjuzwa yizo lezi zinda ukuthi mawakhokhe imali ayikweletayo. Sekuphele iminyaka amaningi esakhokha intela nje vo, engalaqali ngisho ukukhokhela isikweletu uqobo.

Lesi sizathu nezinye eziningi ezihambisana nese-United Nations, zibenomthelela omkhulu ekwakhiweni kweBRICS. Kuzomele sikhumbule futhi ukuthi ukukhula komhlaba kuhamba ngesivinini esikhulu kakhulu. Amazwe abethatheleka phansi kudala, ngenxa yezinga elikhulu lemfundo ezakhamuzini zakhona, nokucabanga okusezingeni eliphezulu, la mazwe asedemane akhula ngesankahlu, kwaye kwacaca ukuthi emhlabeni akuzukuqhubeka kudliwa ngoludala. Lokhu kunomthelela omkhulu ekuphathweni kwezimali ngendlela enokubambisana nokuhloniphana. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu iBRICS ingumthelela walo mqondosimo ogijima njengesishingishane. Ngokwemibiko yakamuva, la mazwe amahlanu anabantu abayizigidigidi ezi-3.2 okungungamaphesenti angama-41 wamazwe ewonke womhlaba, amane kula mazwe ngaphandle kweNingizimu Afrika asengxenyeni yeshumi ngobukhulu bomnotho wawo emhlabeni, okanti nayo iNingizimu Afrika ihleli eqoqweni lamazwe angamashumi amabili ngobukhulu emhlabeni.

Umnotho wala mazwe ewonkana ulinganiselwa kusigidintathu oli-$19, okucishe kube ngamaphesenti angama-24 emandleni omnotho womhlaba jikelele. Kanti nxa kuziwa kuPurchasing Power Parity (PPP), ngokuhunyushwa okusho amandla okuthenga okuqukethwe yila mazwe ewonkana alinganiselwa kusigidintathu ongama-$41, lokhu kusho amandla angama-32 wamaphesenti amazwe wonke okuthenga emhlabeni. Okanti imali la mazwe ayigcine ngaphandle kwamazwe awo, ilinganiselwa kusigidintathu ongu- $4.7. Amanye ala mazwe afana neChina ngokwamandla okukwazi ukuthenga esiwaphawule ngenhla iPPP, asevesi eyedlulile i-USA. Maduzane nje, umbiko wePrice Waterhouse Coopers (PwC) uphawula ngokuthi iChina izobe isinqenqeza phambili idlula izwe lase-USA okuyilona elisaziwa ngobukhulu bomnotho emhlabeni uma kuya ngeGross Domestic Product (GDP). Kanti futhi la mazwe ewonke ngawo wona lo mbiko wePwC wezi-2017, ewonke abalwa phakathi kwamazwe angama-30 azobe engobhongoza emhlabeni. Ngakho-ke la mazwe ukuziqoqa kwawo abe kule nhlanganiso yeBRICS, akuyona into ekumele mayithathelwe phansi ngamazwe afana ne- Europe ne-USA.

Yingakho iWorld Bank, i-IMF namazwe akhele kuwo aqaphe ngeso lokhozi ukuthi kazi iyozala nkomoni kule nhlanganiso yeBRICS. Kanjalo ngisho namazwe angewona aseNtshonalanga akubhekile kakhulu ukukhula kwala mazwe ngoba aqonda kahle kamhlophe ukuthi ukukhula njengezwe akudingi ukuthi ubeyingxenye yezinhlanganiso ezifana noBRICS, kodwa uyakwazi ukukhula usebenzisana nawo ngobuchule nolwazi oluqonda kabanzi ngokusebenza komnotho emhlabeni. Umbuzo ongabakhona, ngoweNingizimu Afrika okuyizwe elincane kakhulu kunalezi zikhondlakhondla. Isisho selakwaMthaniya sithi “Ayihlabi ngakumisa”, okwehlela iNingizimu Afrika omunye angakubuka njengokuthi iyisithusa nyoni nje lesi, omunye abuke njengokuthi isibusiso lesi esifana namafutha lawa imibhalo engcwele athi ehlela ezindevini zendoda endala u-Aaron. Nxa sibheka abantu bala mazwe womahlanu ngokulandelana okuhlelekile ahamba kanje; iChina inabantu abayizigidigidi ezingu-1.4 nomnotho ongangosigidintathu oli-$12.

I-India inabantu abayizigidigidi ezingu-1.3 nomnotho ongusigidintathu ongu- $2.5. IBrazil yona ibenabantu abayizigidi ezingama-207 nomnotho ongusigidintathu ongu-$2.2 bese kuthi iRussia yona ibenabantu abayizigidi ezili-143 nomnotho ongusigidintathu ongu-$1.6. INingizimu Afrika ekungeyokugcina kula mazwe yona inabantu abayizigidi ezingama-57 okungama-2% kuphela uma uyiqhathanisa nawowonke amazwe eBRICS, ngisho ngokomnotho inezigidigidi ezi-$3.2 kuphela. Nxa uhlaziya lezi zinombolo zixoxa indaba enkulu ehambisana nenhlosongqangi yokuhlangana kwala mazwe. Kwelokuthi ayihlabi ngakumisa, kubukeka sengathi kunjengoba, nxa ubuka yona iNingizimu Afrika eyizwe elincanyana nje ngokuqhathanisa. Esinye sezizathu ezimqoka esenze yazithola iphakathi kwezinkunzi ezingaka iNingizimu Afrika, ngamagalelo ayo okuthe kusuka ngonyaka we-1994 yawabonakalisa ezizweni zonke zomhlaba.

Abanye ongoti nxa bebeka babheka ukuthi ngenxa yokuthi yiyoyodwa okuyizwe lase-Afrika elinesihlalo enhlanganweni ye-United Nations phakathi kwezizwe zomhlaba, ngakho amava namagalelo ayo athande ukuzwakala nxa kubhungwa ngezimo eziphathelene noguquko okumele malwenzekile emhlabeni ukuze kube nenhlalakahle nobulungiswa kubantu bonke, kanye noguquko ekulawulweni nasekuphathweni kwezezimali. Kuzokhumbuleka futhi ukuthi iNingizimu Afrika ngesikhathi ikhethelwa kulesi, bekuseyiyona enqenqeza phambili ngobukhulu bomnotho kanye nezingqalasizinda ezahlukene ezithuthukile zaba sezingeni lomhlaba e-Afrika. Umumo wayo njengezwe ezwenikazi uyidonsele amehlo abatshalizimali abathi nxa bebhekile babone ukuthi kuyifanele ukuthi mayibandakanywe nezinhlaka ezishaya imithetho yomhlaba kwazise izwi layo liyezwakala kakhulu kozakwabo eAfrica.

Kuleli lokugcina, nxa iNingizimu Afrika ithola ukuthuthuka ngenxa yokuzibandakanya nenhlosongqangi yeBRICS izokwazi ukuthi ingameleleki yodwana, kodwa ifukule amazwe angozakwabo nomakhelwane e-Afrika. Kusuka kulowo owake waba nguMengameli uMnu uZuma othathwa njengehalanjonjo leBRICS, kuya kuMengameli okhona kuyimanje uMnu uRamaphosa, bonke bayakugcizelela ukuthi iNingizimu Afrika ayizimele yodwana kule nhlanganiso, kepha

imele nozakwabo base-Afrika. Okuzomele sikuqonde nokho ukuthi nxa kukhulunywa ngeBRICS akuzona zodwa izinto ezinhle esingazisho ngale nhlanganiso. Siyazi ukuthi kunamazwe phakathi kweBRICS afana neChina asatshwayo ngenxa yezenzo zawo kwamanye amazwe omhlaba. Esinye sezibonelo nje, yizwe lakhona lapha, elingumakhelwane iZambia. Kuleli lizwe sekuke kwabonakala izinkampani zamaChina zizitapela eminxeni yeminotho ehlukahlukene, ikakhulu kwezezimayini. Lokhu kugcine sekuba nokuzisola kwabaphethe ukuthi akusona isibusiso ebesilindelekile ukuza kwezinye izinkampani zaseChina eZambia. Kamuva nje siyazi ukuthi uMnu uDonald Trump onguMengameli wase-USA useqale lokhu esikubiza ngempi yohwebo (trade war). Le mpi ikakhulu ibhekene nezwe laseChina yize ichaphazela elase-Europe, iCanada neMexico.

Isho ukuthini i-Afrika ebumbene entsheni kwezomnotho

Njengoba sike saphawula kule ngosi ngokwedlule kuyaziwa ukuthi imisebenzi eminingi iye yashabalala e-USA ngenxa yeqhinga elinzulu leChina. Leli qhinga leChina lidonsa abaningi osozimboni bamazwe omhlaba ukuthi bahambe bayozinza ezweni lakhona ngoba amaholo abantu bakhona mancane kuqhathaniswa namanye amazwe. Okunye, iChina yenza ukuthi ubuchule bala mazwe obusuke buza nosozimboni buthathwe yiyona ukuze kuthi noma sesiphelile isikhathi abasuke bevumelene ngaso sokuhweba, ikwazi yona ukuqhubeka izithuthukise. IChina futhi ineqhingasu elinzulu elihamba lize liyoﬁka eminyakeni elikhulu. Ephawula lowo ocwaninga ngala maqhinga uMnu uClem Sunter uphinde wakugcizelela ukuthi impumelelo yeChina abantu abangayithathi kancane ngoba iliﬁndo eliboshwe nogodo. Eqhubeka uSunter uthi, amanye amazwe ahlelela kuphela iminyaka emihlanu nje vo, uma kungenzeka aﬁnyelele kwelishumi, okanti izwe laseChina lihlela ngomqondo owelulekile ngokweminyaka.

Njengalokhu kulindeleke omongameli abane ukuthi batheleke eNingizimu Afrika njengokujwayelekile, obengowokuqala ukuﬁka, uMnu uXi Ping onguMengameli waseChina. Usethe eﬁka nje maqede wenza ezibukwayo lapho esegunyaze imali eningi ukuthi itshalwe eNingizimu Afrika. Izinkampani ezimbili eziphansi kukaHulumeni okuyi-Eskom neTransnet, sezihlomule ngemali ayizigidigidi ezi-$2.5 nezi-$4. Lezi zimali zibolekwe lezi zinkaphani ukuze zikwazi ukuphuma obishini ezikulo. Seyiyonke imali ezofakwa eNingizimu Afrika yizwe laseChina cishe iyizigidigidi ezili-$15. Sisekulesi sigaba sezezimali, futhi nxashana sibheka ngeso elijulile, kunesimo esimele masisiqaphele maqondana nalobu budlelwano osebakhekile phakathi kwala mazwe naleli. Njengoba sike sabheka ukuthi amazwe aseNtshonalanga aligqilazile izwekazi i-Afrika ngezikweletu. Kwathi esakweleta enjalo ama-Afrika, kwaphinde kwangena abaholi abangogombela kwesakhe abagcine benza leli joka lezikweletu lisinde kakhulu.

Izwe iChina selidlula amazwe aseNtshonalanga ngomthamo elihweba ngawo ne-Afrika. Ethula inkulumo yakhe esifundweni sokugubha iminyaka elikhulu yokuzalwa kukaMnu uNelson Mandela uSolwazi Patrick Lumumba waseKenya, ubeke ngokuthi, uyalibona izwe laseChina liza, eqhubeka uthe nokho akasho ukuthi ama- Afrika awangahwebelani nalo, kunalokho uxwayise ngokuthi kumele mawaqaphele ngoba wonke amazwe ikakhulu aseNtshonalanga, aqala ngokuhwebelana ne-Afrika ekugcineni abe eseligqalaza leli lengabadi. La mazwi ajulile lapha kwezezimali ngoba, kungase kwenzeke khona lokhu abexwayisa ngakho uSolwazi uma i-Afrika ingaqaphele. Lezi zimali ezingaka azisona isipho, kunalokho ziyimalimboleko okumele ibuyele isinamankonyane. Ukugabadula kwala mazwe eBRICS esebenza ngokuzikhandla ezwekazini i-Afrika, akumele kubhekwe kalulana nje. Ukuqaphela kwabaholi be-Afrika ngokubambisana kumele kube yinto eseqhulwini.

Osopolitiki akumele neze bahambe bebodwana kulo mshikashika wokwakha i-Afrika ngobudlelwano kuBRICS, kunalokho kumele baqinisekise ukuthi bahamba bephaswe yizinsika ezahlukahlukene ekubasizeni ngokucabangisisa kunoma yisiphi isinqumo abasithathayo ngekusasa lezwekazi i-Afrika nezizukulane zalo. Kulesi sigaba sengqungquthela yeshumi, kubhekwa kakhulu izinto ezinhlanu okuyilezi:

Ukugcina ukuthula phakathi kwala mazwe
Ukwakhiwa kwesizinda sezempilo.
Ukwakhiwa kwesigaba esibalulekile esizobhekelela abantu besifazane.
Ubudlelwano bala mazwe amahlanu esigabeni sesine sohlelo lokuthuthukiswa kwezezimboni, kanye
Nokwakhiwa kohlaka maqondana nezokuvakasha phakathi kwala mazwe.

Okuphinde kucace maqondana nobudlelwano bala mazwe, okuphawulwe uDkt uJason Musyoka lapho ebecacisa ngelokuthi ezintweni ezicace kakhulu ezenziwa iChina e-Afrika, ukuthi ifakela izimpahla esezivele zakhiwe zaqedwa zisuka eChina; i-India yona yaziwa kakhulu ngokuzibandakanya netheknoloji, amaRashiya wona aphethe kakhulu ezezikhali kanye nenuzi, besekuthi iBrazil seyifakele kakhulu obalo ubuchwepheshe kwezolimo nobuchwepheshe obuhambisana nazo. Nxa eqhubeka uDkt uMusyoka uphonsele inselelo iNingizimu Afrika ukuthi nayo ayaziwe ngokuthi izofakela ini kula mazwe amane asevele ezuza kakhulu kuyo nasezwekazini i-Afrika. Umbuzo ozohlala ukhona othi, ingabe akuyona yini indlela entsha lena yokwabelana kwamazwe asala ngaphandle mhla kuhlangenwe eGermany edolobheni iBerlin ngonyaka we-1878 kuzokwatshelwana nge-Afrika ngamazwe asentshonalanga.