Iseyinkinga eyakuleli nemigomo yezokuxhumana namazwe omhlaba
UKUQALA kweminyaka yama-1990s kufike nezinguquko eziningi kwezepolitiki kuleli nasemhlabeni jikelele. Kodwa okugqame kakhulu kube ukuphela kokubhekana ngeziqu zamehlo phakathi kwamazwe aseNtshonalanga kanye nawaseMpumalanga kanye nokuvuma phansi kombuso wobandlululo kuleli.
Lesi simo savumela iNingizimu Afrika ukuthi ibuyele ngokugcwele kwezepolitiki nokuxhumana ngokugcwele namazwe omhlaba. Ngemumva kokubuya kweNingizimu Afrika kwalindeleka ukuthi ithathe indawo yokuhola isifunda esisezansi ne-Africa kanye ne-Afrika yonkana. Lokhu kwenziwa ukuthi ibibonakala izinzile kwezombusazwe nakwezomnotho. Njengomholi wesifunda kwalindeleka ukuthi ikhombise izikhwepha ibambe iqhaza eliqavile ekubumbeni i-Afrika. Okulandele lapho kube ungabazane nokungaqondakali ngenxa yezinqumo zayo. Lokhu kuholele ekutheni amazwe amaningi abone elakuleli njengezwe eliphokophele ekufezeni izinhloso zalo kuphela lisebenzisa amandla alo kunokuthi lihole amazwe esifundeni.
Siyokhumbula ukuthi ngaphambi kokuba athathe izintambo zombuso lowo owaba ngumengameli wokuqala wentando yabantu kuleli, uDkt uNelson Mandela, wamemezela ukuthi imigomo yakuleli yezokuxhumana namazwe omhlaba iyosuselwa ekuhlonipheni nasekuvikeleni amalungelo abantu nentando yabantu. Waphinde wamemezela ukuthi ikusasa leNingizimu Afrika lilele esifundeni sase-Afrika, ikakhulukazi ezansi naso. Wathembisa ukuthi izobambisana namanye amazwe kunokuthi ifune ukuba yisikhondlakhondla. Ngalesi sikhathi umgomo wezokuxhumana namazwe wawugxekwa kakhulu ngokungabi nomhlahlandlela oqondile. Lokhu kwakudalwa yizimo ezahlukene okungabalwa kuzo ukuba musha kukahulumeni, ukungabi magange kukaNgqongqoshe weZangaphandle wangaleso sikhathi uMnuz Alfred Nzo kanye nabasebenzi ababehudula izinyawo ababevele besebenzela uhulumeni wobandlululo. Kwathi kungazelele muntu uhulumeni wakuleli wanxusa amazwe omhlaba ukuthi afake unswinyo izwe lase-Nigeria. Lesi sinyathelo sasilandela isenzo sika-Mengameli Sani Abacha sokubulala isishoshovu u-Ken Saro Wiwa kanye nababaziwa nge“Ogoni Nine (9)”. UDkt Mandela wadlulela phambili ngokuhoxisa inxusa lakuleli ezweni laseNigeria. Kodwa elakuleli lahlangabezana nembibizane ngesikhathi amanye amazwe ase-Afrika engalisabeli lelo khwelo kanti namazwe aseNtshonalanga aqhubeka nokuhweba nelaseNigeria.
Ngaphansi kobuholi bukaMengameli Mandela iNingizimu Afrika ibonakale njengezwe elithatha izinqumo ezingqubuzanayo neziphambene nezisekelo zemigomo yayo futhi izithatha ngayodwana. Ngesikhathi owayenguMengameli wase-Democratic Republic of Congo uMnuz Laurent Kabila ehlaselwa amavukelambuso, amazwe asezansi ye-Afrika angenelela kodwa elakuleli laziqhelalanisa naleso senzo ngoba lithi alinakugxambukela ezindabeni zamanye amazwe. Gwiqiqi salibona ngo-1998 lithumela amasosha kwelaseLesotho ukuyongenelela ngesikhathi leliya zwe linezinkinga zezombusazwe.
Leli zwe laphinde lahweba ngezikhali emazweni ayekhungethwe yizimpi njengaseRwanda nase-Uganda. Lezi zenzo zagqamisa ukuthi leli alinawo umgomo oqondile eliwulandelayo futhi alibambile indawo yobuholi kodwa lifeza izinhloso zalo ngamanye amazwe. Singaphetha nje ngokuthi uMhlonishwa uMandela wayethembele isiqwini sakhe, hhayi emigomweni yezokuxhumana namazwe omhlaba ekuthatheni izinqumo.
Kepha sabona olukhulu uguquko uma izintambo zombuso sezithathwa uMnuz Thabo Mbeki. Ngaphansi kobuholi bukaMnuz Mbeki kwabonakala iNingizimu Afrika izibandakanya namanye amazwe ase-Afrika. Elakuleli labonakala lihamba phambili ezinkundleni zokusebenzisana kwamazwe omhlaba kanjalo nawase-Afrika. Elakuleli laba sematheni ngesikhathi kusuka izinkinga zezombusazwe eZimbabwe; uMengameli Mbeki wabonakala esebenzisa ubuhlakani bakhe ezama ukuxoxisana noMengameli Robert Mugabe. Lesi sinyathelo sasibonakala njengesingatheli zithelo futhi siwukumtotosa uMnuz Mugabe. Kwabakhona ukugxekwa okuvela zinhlaka zonke kubhekiswe kuMnuz Mbeki kodwa waphikelela nokuthi azame ukuxoxisana noMengameli Mugabe esithe. UMengameli Mbeki ubonakale ehamba phambili kanye nabaholi abafana nowayengumholi waseLibya uKhenela uMuammar Gaddafi kanye nowayenguMengameli waseNigeria uMnuz Olusegun Obasanjo emizamweni yokubumba i-Afrika. Iqhaza leNingizimu Afrika liholele ekuzalweni kwenhlangano yamazwe ase-Afrika i-African Union neyathulwa ngokusemthethweni kuleli ngo-2000. Akekho ongakhohlwa iqhaza nokuzinikela kukaMengameli Mbeki ekuvuseleleni i-Afrika, phecelezi African Renaissence. Ngaphansi kobuholi bukaMengamali Mbeki, iNingizimu Afrika yazibophezela ekufuneni izixazululo isebenzisana namanye amazwe ilandela izinhlaka ezifanele njenge-AU kanye ne-SADC.
UMengameli Jacob Zuma naye ungene wenza okufanayo, waqhubeka nokubophezela elakuleli ekusebanzisaneni namanye amazwe ngaphansi kwezinhlaka ezikhona. Ubonakale ebumba kabusha ubudlelwano namazwe akade engasadlelani kahle nelakuleli njenge-Angola kanye neLibya. Ubudlelwano nala mazwe babufe ngaphansi kobuholi bukaMnuz Mbeki.
Ngaphezu kokuba elakuleli lizibophezele ekutholeni izixazululo ezingenadlame nokusebenzisana ngokubambisana lisakuthola njalo ukugxekwa. Kwaba nokukhulu ukudideka nokungaqondi ngesikhathi iNingizimu Afrika ivota yeseka isisombululo 1973 enhlanganweni yezizwe esasibhekene nodaba lwaseLibya. INingizimu Afrika yabonakala sengathi yeseka ukuthi amazwe aseNtshonalanga agasele qede abulale umholi wakuleliya zwe. Kwaba nokukhulu ukungasiqondi isinqumo seNingizimu Afrika sokuvotela i-No fly Zone. Kodwa mumva nje liyabongeka iqhaza elabanjwa elakuleli ezweni laseLesotho njengoba linezinkinga zezombusazwe nje.
Konke lokhu okwenzekile eminyakeni engamashumi amabili edlule entando yabantu kushiye inkulumo-mpikiswano eshisayo ngeqhaza lakuleli esifundeni sase-Afrika. Kunabathi leli liyisikhondlakhondla esiholayo kanti abanye bathi lingelinye nje izwe phakathi kwamaningi. Kodwa ligxekwa kakhulu ngokwenza okuphambene nezisekelo zemigomo yalo, okungukuhlonipha nokuvikela amalungelo abantu, intando yabantu kanye nobuntu. Akwaziwa mbhansthi kujiya ngokuthi kubhekwephi kwezokuxhumana namanye amazwe kuleli.
- USakhile Hadebe unguthisha (lecturer) wezifundo ze-Political Science eNyuvesi yaKwaZulu-Natal