Iminyaka engamashumi amabili nambili yenkululeko
INingizimu Afrika njengamanye amazwe ase-Afrika athola inkululeko ibhekene nezigqinamba, kepha umbuzo uthi yona izokwenza okwehlukile yini
IGAMA elithi inkululeko lisho izinto ezahlukene kubantu abehlukene kanjalo nasemiphakathini eyehlukene. Selokhu kwaqala umlando wesintu ezingxenyeni ezithile kuhlale kunabantu kanye nezinhlanga ezithi zilwela inkululeko. Kuyehluka ukwenza lapha ngoba abanye bakwenza lokhu ngokuthula kanti abanye bathatha izikhali. Izwe laseNingizimu Afrika likwenze konke ukuze lifike lapha likhona. Zibe zine izigaba zomzabalazo kuleli. Esokuqala besiholwa wuBukhosi okwathi kungabona ukuthi abafo bathatha izwe nengcebo ngokubambisana nezizwe bathatha izikhali nokwaphetha ngeziwombe ezahlukene lapho ibambana bahlanze phakathi kwaboHlanga kanye nabahlaseli. Lesi sigaba siphele ngonyaka we-1906 ngempi eyaziwa ngokuthi ngeyamakhanda.
Isigaba sesibili kwaba yileso sokuqanjwa kwezinhlangano zombangazwe, endala kunazo zonke eyabunjwa ngonyaka we-1912. Le nhlangano eyayaziwa ngele-African Native Congress (manje osekuthiwa yi-African National Congress). Le nhlangano yabe isizala imikhankaso kanjalo nezinhlangano eziningi. Yaqala iyinhlangano yezifundiswa nabefundisi okwakungabaholi bayo. Indlela yabo yokwenza izinto kwakuyileyo yoku“nxenxa” abacindezeli ukuba bayeke okubi abakwenzayo kuhlaliswane. Lokhu bakwenza ngezindlela ezahlukene kubandakanywa ukubhala nokwenza izethulo kuhulumeni wamaKoloni kuleli naseNgilandi. Khona lapho kwaba nemibhikisho eyahlukene okubalwa naloyo wabesifazane owaba mkhulukazi ngonyaka we-1956. Nokho kukuso lesi sigaba lapho ngonyaka we-1949 kwabusa khona uhulumeni wobandlululo ngaphansi kweNational Party (NP) kanye neqoqo lebutho lamabhunu i-Afrikaner Broederbond. Leli qoqo lamaBhunu labunjwa ngonyaka we-1918 ukuthi phakathi kokunye liqinisekise ukuthi uhlanga lwamaBhunu luyazimela futhi luyathuthuka kuyo yonke imikhakha yempilo. Kumqoka ukuqonda ngomlando we-Afrikaner Broederbond ngoba ukwakhiwa kwayo kwabe kuyingxenye yento amaBhunu ayethi umzabalazo kumaNgisi okwakuyiwo ayephethe izintambo ngaphansi kohululemi bamaKoloni.
Nembala kwaba njengezinhloso zayo zokukhulula amaBhunu, i-Afrikaner Broederbond ngoba ngeminyaka yawo-1970 amaBhunu ayesephethe ingxenye eningi yomnotho kuleli kusuka ezinkampanini ezabe zihamba phambili ezifana noSanlam, uSaambou, iVolkskas, iFederale Volkbeleggings, iGeneral Mining, iRembrandt, iNasionale Pers, iFederale Mynbou kanye neDagbreek Pers. Kwaba khona nemifelandawonye enjengoReddingsdaadbond kanyeHelpmekaarbond. Akugcinanga lapho ngoba yaqinisekisa ukuthi amaBhunu angena emisebenzini ethize efana naleyo eyabe itholakala kwaSouth African Railway (kwaLoliwe). Zabakhona nezinhlangano zokucijisa abasha bazo, abafana namantombaze. Yayikhona iJunior Rapportryers kanye neVoortrekkers okwakuyizakhiwo zamaBhunu wodwa ezazithathisela kumavulandlela namaGirl Guides. Zabakhona nezinhlangano nezinkampani ezibhekelele izindaba nokusabalalisa imfundisoze. Konke lokhu kuveza ukuthi ngenkululeko amaBhunu ayesho ukuzithuthukisa wona nezizukulwane zawo. Kunjalo namuhla amaBhunu ayingxenye yomnotho wakuleli.
Kulesi sigaba esinye isizwe esaqhuba owaso umzabalazo kwaba yileso sabomdabu waseNdiya. Lesi sizwe esafika kuleli ngomkhumbi ngonyaka we-1860, saqala singelutho kepha kwahamba kwahamba saba ngesesithathu ngengcebo nangentuthuko. Konke lokhu kwaba ngenxa yohlelo olwalusobala lwabaholi balomphakathi nabaqinsiekisa ukuthi uyangena kuyo yonke imikhakha yempilo kusuka emaqenjini eszepolitiki, kwezemfundo, ipolitiki yezomnotho njalo njalo. Nanamuhla lo mphakathi usenezinto zawo, okuyizinhlangano ezimele ukuthuthukisa nokulondoloza “okomphakathi”.
Ubusika obude
Isigaba sesithathu kwaba yileso esaqala ngonyaka we-1960 emuva nje kwesibhicongo saseSharpville. Lokhu kwaba wubusika obude kwaboHlanga nokwaba nezigameko eziningi ezibuhlungu kusuka ekuboshweni, ekudingisweni nasekubulaweni kwabaholi bomzabalazo kanye namalungu omphakathi waboHlanga. Lapha isandla sonya sikahulumeni wamaBhunu saphoqa aboHlanga ukuba baguqule ukwenza okwabe kuqale esigabeni sesibili baxhoze omunye umphini. Amadodakazi namadodana aboHlanga aqoma ukuya ekudingisweni abanye baguqa khona emazweni. Kuzo zonke izigaba okuqaphelekayo wukuthi aboHlanga basala benqunu, bengenamhlaba bengenamnotho. Baphelela emugubaneni, emeveni, emajele labo ababaneshwa baphelela enhlabathini, lapho inja emnyama yabe idonswa ngeketango. Lobu busika buphele ngonyaka we-1994 lapho waguqa khona uhulumeni wobandlululo aboHlanga bakwazi ukuba nelungelo lokuvota bekhetha abaholi babo okungabantu abafana nabo naba nomlando ofana ncamashi nowabo. Nokho leli lungelo kubukeka lingasho inkululeko yezomnotho ngoba ngalapho kusaqanda futhi kuyenyukela.
Lokhu kufakazelwa yizibalo eziphuma minyaka yonke eziqinisekisa ukuthi nembala aboHlanga basasemuva le emisleni nxa kufika kwezemfundo ezomnotho. Izibalo zakamuva nje ezikhishwe ngabe Employment Equity Comission zibike okufanayo, ukuthi ezikhundleni eziphezulu kuleli phezulu eqhulwini yilabo ababevele besemandleni kanti emumva kusashishiliza bona aboHlanga. Eminyakeni engamashumi amabili nambili enkululeko izibazi zobandlululo zisaqaqamba, ubusika busekude kwaboHlanga.
