Ukwahlukana kwezinkantolo kuleli kumi kanje
Kufanele wazi lapho icala lizothethwa khona nokuthi ngobani abazolithetha
UKUSEBENZA komthethosisekelo eNingizimu Afrika ekhululekile kulele ezandleni zeNkantolo eziyisigcawu sabahluleli nabameli abasingatha amalungelo abantu. Ngezikhathi zobandlululo izinqumo zazilawulwa yiPhalamende elaliphethwe yiqembu elibusayo, nokwakwenza kube nzima ukuthi kubhekelelwe amalungelo abantu boHlanga ababecindezelwe bakwazi ukuzikhulumela. Ngale ndlela amaphoyisa obandlululo ayengoshayasibhamu kanye nabantu ababeyizigilamkhuba emphakathini babezicanasela ngaphandle kokubhekana nengalo yomthetho. Namhlanje nokho, kusukela ngowe-1994, abantu sebanamalungelo anakekelwa ngumthethosisekelo.
Manje amaphoyisa aseyabopha izigilamkhuba, umphakathi ukwazi ukukhalela ubulungiswa, umama afune imali yesondlo sengane yakhe, isisebenzi sikhale ngokungaphathwa kahle umqashi nomfundi abike uma ehlukunyeziwe. Bonke ubulungiswa ngokwamalungelo abantu bukhulunywa ezinkantolo ngokuhluka kwazo. Okufaka ithemba ngezinkantolo ngukuthi zingenelela lapho sekuhluleke yonke imizamo yokuxazulula izinkinga. Ziyiziphathiswamandla ezikwazi ukweluleka emacaleni ahlukahlukene. Izinkantolo zizimele futhi zisebenza ngokuholwa kuphela ngumthethosisekelo nomthetho okufanele zikusebenzise ngokungavuni hlangothi nokungesabi, ukwenzelela noma ukukhetha. Ngokomthetho akukho muntu noma ingxenye yombuso okufanele kuphazamise ukusebenza kwezinkantolo. Lokhu kugxambukela kwabantu noma kombuso othize kungaholela ekutheni ibhuntshe imizamo yokuthi kusetshenziswe umthetho.
Kunalokho, izingxenye zombuso zinikezwe amandla okuthi zisize futhi zivikele izinkantolo ukuze ziqinisekise ukuthi zizimele, kazikhethi, zinesithunzi, kuyaἀnyeleleka kuzo, nokuthi zisebenza ngendlela efanele ngokulandela umthetho nezinye izinyathelo.Okubalulekile futhi okumele kuqikeleleke ngezinkantolo ngukuthi izinqumo neziyalo noma izinqumo ezikhishwa kuzo kazikhethi. Ukukhishwa kwalezi zinqumo kulandela ukuqulwa noma ukudingidwa kwecala ngokwezigaba zalo okuhlanganisa abahluleli, abashushisi, abameli, amaphoyisa, kanye nofakazi. Bonke laba bantu bayingxenye yokuqulwa kwecala, kanti baletha okuhlukile ecaleni. Ngaphezu kwabahluleli kunoMahluleli Omkhulu, kuleli nguMahluleli uMogoeng Mogoeng, oyiNhloko YezoBulungiswa futhi oqhuba umsebenzi wokusungula nokuqapha inkambiso namazinga okuqhuba imisebenzi yezobulungiswa ezinkantolo zonkana.
Izigaba zezinkantolo nabahlala kuzo
Izinkantolo zihlukene ngezigaba ezine ngokwamandla nokusebenza kwazo. Kunezinkantolo eziPhakeme: okuyiNkantolo YoMthethosisekelo, elandelwa yiNkantolo eNkulu YokweDluliswa Kwamacala bese kuba yiziNkantolo EziNkulu zaseNingizimu Afrika (ezibandakanya noma iyiphi inkantolo enkulu yokwedlulisela amacala abucayi anjengamacala egazi asuselwa ezinkantolo ezisezingeni elingaphansi). Ngaphansi kwalesi sigaba kuneziNkantolo EziKhethekile okuyiNkantolo YoKhetho, iNkantolo YokuDluliswa Kwamacala EziSebenzi, iNkantolo YeziSebenzi kanye neNkantolo YokuNcintisana. Esinye isigaba eseziNkantolo eziphansi, ezihlanganisa iziNkantolo zesiFunda, iziNkantolo zesiFundana, iziNkantolo zoMdabu kanye neNkantolo YamaNani AmaNcane. Kuphinde kube nesigaba seziNkantolo ZokuVikela Izwe, ezihlukene kathathu okuyiNkantolo YabaHluleli BezeZimpi, iNkantolo YabaHluleli AbaPhezulu BezeZimpi kanye neNkantolo YokuDluliselwa Kwamacala EzeZimpi. Abameli ezinkantolo nabo basebenza ngokuhluka kwamazinga eziqu zabo. Kunabameli ababizwa ngama-attorney, abasebenza kuzo zonke izinhlobo zamacala ezinkantolo ezihlukahlukene. Babalelwa kuma-21 400 abameli balolu hlobo eNingizimu Afrika, kanti bonke basebenza ngaphansi kweLaw Society of South Africa (LSSA).
Olunye uhlobo lwabameli ngama-advocate agxile emacaleni angena eziNkantolo EziPhakeme okuyilezi: iNkantolo YoMthethosisekelo, iNkantolo eNkulu YokweDluliswa KwaMacala, iziNkantolo eziNkulu, iNkantolo YezoMhlaba kanye neziNkantolo zeMali yeNtela.INkantolo YoMthethosisekelo yakhiwe nguMengameli WabaHluleli baseNingizimu Afrika, uPhinimengameli WabaHluleli kanye nabanye abahluleli abayisishiyagalolunye. Ngokomthetho, udaba oluphambi kweNkantolo YoMthethosisekelo lufanele lwethanyelwe ngabehluleli abayisishiyagalombili okungenani.
Le Nkantolo iyona yodwa ekwazi ukunquma ngezingxabano ezingaqubuka phakathi kwezingxenye zombuso zikazwelonke noma zesifundazwe eziphathelene nesimo sokungalandelwa komthethosisekelo noma umthethosivivinywa wephalamende noma wesifundazwe. Iphinde ibhekelele ukunquma lapho iPhalamende noma uMengameli behlulekile ukufeza isibopho somthethosisekelo. Ithatha izinqumo ezingujuqu ngokuthi uMthetho WePhalamende, uMthetho Wesifundazwe noma isenzo sikaMengameli kuyahambisana yini nomthethosisekelo. Iqhuba iqinisekise ukungasebenzi kwanoma yimuphi umyalo owenziwe yiNkantolo Enkulu Yokwedluliswa Kwamacala, yiNkantolo ePhakeme noma yinkantolo yezinga elilinganayo. INkantolo Enkulu Yokwedluliselwa Kwamacala inoMengameli, okunguMahluleli uLex Mpati, iPhinimengameli kanye nabahluleli abangama-23.
Le nkantolo inganquma nganoma yiziphi izindaba ezedlulisiwe ezivela eNkantolo ePhakeme yaseNingizimu Afrika kanti inquma kuphela ngamacala adlulisiwe, ngezinto eziphathelene nokudluliswa kwamacala kanye nanganoma yiluphi olunye udaba olungabhekiswa kuyo ezimweni ezichazwe nguMthetho Wephalamende. Izinqumo eziphuma kule nkantolo zingujuqu kuzo zonke izinkantolo ezisesigabeni esingaphansi kwayo, ngokunjalo nezinqumo zeziNkantolo eziNkulu zingujuqu kulezo ezingaphansi kwayo.
Ukusebenza kwezinkantolo
IziNkantolo eziPhakeme zaseNingizimu Afrika zinganquma nganoma yiluphi udaba lomthethosisekelo ngaphandle kodaba iNkantolo yoMthethosisekelo evumile ukululalela ngqo. INkantolo ePhakeme yaseNingizimu Afrika yakhiwe amagatsha anqunywe ngoMthetho WePhalamende. Amagatsha abhekelela amacala aqondene nabantu abasondelene nawo. Lezi zinkantolo, ezili-13, zilalela amacala abucayi angeke akwazi ukudingidwa noma ukuqulwa ezinkantolo ezisemazingeni aphansi.
Ngaphandle kwezigaba lapho isinqumo singancishiswa umthetho, lezi zinkantolo zingakhipha izinqumo zikadilikajele. Izibonelo zamacala akamumva angene eNkantolo eNkulu umbango wobuholi ebandleni lamaNazaretha eliqhubeka eNkantolo eNkulu yaKwaZulu-Natal eseThekwini kanye nalelo lomsubathi u-Oscar Pistorius elaqulwa kwakhishwa isinqumo eNkantolo eNkulu yaseGauteng esePitoli. Igatsha ngalinye leNkantolo eNkulu yaseNingizimu Afrika liba noMahluleli owongamele, elingaba nePhini elilodwa noma angaphezulu. Ngaphansi kweziNkantolo eziNkulu, kunezinkantolo zesiFunda. KunoMengameli abayisi-9 bezeNkantolo zesiFunda, kanti babalelwa kuma-351 oMantshi abasebenza kuzo. Le nkantolo ikhipha izinqumo ngamacala athinta abantu basemphakathini inkantolo ebekwe kuwo.
Lezi zinkantolo zasungulwa ngonyaka wezi-2010, kanti ngaphansi kwazo kwangena neNkantolo YezeHlukaniso. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kulindeleke ukuthi lezi zinkantolo zehlise umsebenzi othweswe iziNkantolo eziNkulu. Ngokomlando weziNkantolo ezibhekana nezinkinga emphakathini, sezilalele amacala abalelwa ku-82 271 selokhu zasungulwa izinkantolo zalolu hlobo. Kulawa macala kwaphuma izinqumo emacaleni angu-57 668, angu-21 932 ahoxiswa enkantolo, angu-2 671 adluliselwa eziNkantolo eziNkulu. Izinkantolo zeziMantshi ziyingxenye ebalulekile yokuqinisekisa ukusebenza komthethosisekelo.
Ngenxa yalokhu, ingxenye enkulu yesabelomali igxila kulezi zinkantolo. Lezi zinkantolo zibonwa njengeminyango exhumanisa abantu abaningi emphakathini nomthetho futhi zilekelela wonke umuntu nabantulayo emphakathini. INkantolo yeMantshi eNtuzuma KwaZulu-Natal, ibe ngeyama-43 eyakhiwe kuleli kusukela ngonyaka we-1994. Ubuchwepheshe osebufakiwe kulezi zinkantolo njengezinto eziqopha ukuqulwa kwamacala kusiza abantu ukuthi bathole ubulungiswa ngendlela ehloniphekile futhi esemthethweni. Enye iNkantolo ebalulekile emphakathini yiNkantolo YokwaManani AmaNcane, eyasungulelwa ukwehlisa umthwalo eziNkantolo zeziMantshi njengoba edonsa amacala aphathelene nemali. Le nkantolo ilalela amacala aphathelene nenani elingaphansi kuka-R12 000.
Ngonyaka wezi-2013 zazibalelwa ema-277 lezi zinkantolo eNingizimu Afrika kanti uMnyango WezoMthetho uhlela ukuthi zibekhona kuzo zonke izifunda ezineziNkantolo zeziMantshi. Ukusungulwa kwalezi zinkantolo kulele kubantu basemphakathini abavolontiyayo njengengxenye yekhomishana elalela amacala. Kwezinye izinkantolo kubalwa iNkantolo YokuLingana, iNkantolo YeNdabuko evame ukuba sendaweni yasemakhaya kanti zilawulwa amakhosi nezinduna. IziNkantolo zomphakathi ezisebenzisana neziNkantolo zeziMantshi ukuthi zilungise izinkinga emphakathini. IziNkantolo zeMali YeNtela, iziNkantolo Zamacala Ocansi ezivulwe kamuva kanti kulindeleke ukuthi kwakhiwe azingama-57 eminyakeni emithathu kanye neziNkantolo Zokunakekelwa Kwezingane ezibalelwa ema-369 eNingizimu Afrika. Kuphinde kube neNkantolo YezoMhlaba elalela amacala abantu abafuna umhlaba abawudlelwa kusukela ngeminyaka we-1913.