Lisiza ngani itulo lonswiyo emazweni abhekene nezimpi?
KWEZINYE zezikhali ezike zisetshenziswe ekuqaqeni amafindo nezihibe ezivimba ukudaleka noma ukuqhutshezelwa kokwakha ukuthula nokubuyisana emazweni ehlukene, kuye kube ukufaka unswinyo. Isu elifana naleli kusuke kuhloswe ngalo ukuthi labo abasolwa ngokuphazamisa ukudaleka kokuthula noma izinguquko emazweni abake bafakwe ingcindezi ukuze benze kangcono.
Noma ngabe leli tulo lonswinyo selejwayelekile, okungaphawulwa ngukuthi akukaze kwenziwe kahle ucwaningo olukhombisa ngokucacile ukuthi, ukufaka le ngcindezi kuba yikhona okugcina kudale izinguquko. Noma leli lisu kumele liphelezelwe amanye amagalelo ukuze liphumelele. Noma ngabe ucwaningo olunjengalolu lungakenzisiswa izinhlangano ezikhona njenge-United Nations (UN), i-African Union (AU), i-European Union (EU), kanye namazwe ayizikhondlakhondla afana ne-USA zisaqhubeka nokusebenzisa leli lisu emazweni athize. Emasontweni aphelile, mathathu amazwe ase-Afrika, ngenxa yezihibe ezithize kwezepolitiki, azithole esebhekene nokusetshenziswa kwaleli lisu, okuyiGuinea-Bissau, iDemocractic Republic of Congo (DRC), neSouth Sudan.
EGuinea-Bissua, sekuphele iminyaka ethi mayibe mibili lapho abaholi bamaqembu ezepolitiki behlulekile ukuvumelana ngokubeka uHulumeni ozobusa izwe. Okukhulu empikiswaneni kula maqembu kumayelana nokuthi ngubani okumele aqokwe ukuba ngundunankulu wezwe. Emveni kokwehluleka ukuqoka undunankulu, okuyinto esidale imibhikisho emikhulu ezweni, iNhlangano yamazwe ase-Afrika eseNtshonalaga, i-Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), yajuba abaholi abaphezulu okwakulindeleke ukuba babambisane namaqembu ehlukene eGuinea-Bissau ukuze kutholakale isisombululo.
Imizamo ye-ECOWAS yaba nempumelelo ngoba kwaba nesivumelwano ngowezi-2016 esasekwa yiwo wonke amaqembu esahlahla indlela okumele uNdunankulu aqokwe ngayo.
Kepha, kunokuba lesi sivumelwano sifezwe ngobunjalo, iqembu elibusayo, i-African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIG) yaqoka undunankulu ngaphandle kokubonisana namanye amaqembu, okuyisenzo esiphambene nesivumelwano sowezi-2016; okwase kudala ukuthi ukungezwani, kanye nemibhikisho iqhubeke ezweni. Yilesi senzo esidale ukuthi kuleli sonto i-ECOWAS idalule uhla lwamagama abangama-20 abakwezepolitiki kanye namabhizininisi ethe yibo ababambezela ukuba isivumelwano sangaphambilini sifezeke. Laba baholi bajeziswe ngonswinyo oluzobavimba ukuba bakwazi ukuhambela ngaphandle kwaseGuinea-Bissau; ukugodlelwa izimali nezimpahla abanazo. Kuyobonakala ekuhambeni kwezinsuku ukuthi kungabe lesi sinyathelo sizobaphoqa yini ukugoba uphondo ukuze kufezeke okwakuvunyelwene ngakho.
Kulo leli sonto, i-UN ikhiphe umqulu oze nokuthi impi yombango esalokhu iqhubekeli empumalanga neDRC, ibhebhethekiswa ngabaholi abambalwa abayingxenye yamaqembu aphikisayo, futhi ebe ehlome ephelele. Lo mbiko uphinde waphakamisa ukuthi labo abasolwayo abangokudabuka eDRC kumele bafakelwe unswinyo ukuze behluleke ukuqhubeka nokuhlukumeza izakhamuzi ezweni. Emveni kwalo mbiko, i-USA ibe ngelinye lamazwe okuqala elidalule amagama abane, kubona okubalwa oyedwa ongumholi wezempi eDRC, esibafake ohlwini lwalabo abazonswinywa ngoba bethi yibo abasolwa kakhulu ngokubhebhethekisa udlame, nokwephula amalungelo ezakhamuzi. Okwenza lesi sinqumo sibaluleke yingoba nonyaka, iDRC ilindeleke ukuba iye okhethweni lobumengameli, okuyinto engabonakali yenzeka uma isimo sisalokhu siqhubekile nokuba mazonzo empumalanga yezwe. Uma lesi nyathelo se-UN/USA singaba nomthelela ekwakhekeni kokuthula kulesi sifundazwe kobe sisize kakhulu. Kepha okwamanje, asibonakali njengaleso esizoba negalelo elizwakalayo.
Kokuningi okwenza ukuthi lesi sinqumo se-UN/USA singezwakali yingoba kuyazeka ukuthi izinxushunxunxushu ezikhona eDRC, zibhebhethekiswa ngababuya ngaphandle; kanye nabanye babaholi bamazwe angomakhelwane. Lokhu kugxambukela eDRC kuze kudale ukuthi noma ungalinqoba iqembu elihlomile namuhla, kuthi kungakapheli maseko kube sekuvuka elinye. Lokhu kuphinde kwenze ukuthi isinyathelo se-USA sibonakale njengesigudla iguma ngoba asifaki unswinyo bonke abasolwayo abangokudabuka eDRC, kanye nababuya ngaphandle okwaziwayo ukuthi banesandla ezimpini zombango ezingafuni ukuphela eMpumalanga yezwe. Ngamanye amazwi, isu lokufaka unswinyo ukuze kwehle noma kuphele izimpi eDRC liyosebenza mhlazana izinhlangano ezikhona zithatha izinqumo ezizokwenza ukuthi zibhekane ngqo no phakimpi ngempela hhayi labo okuthiwa abahambe beyobulala.
INhlangano yamazwe ase-Afrika aseMpumalanga, i-Inter-Governmental Authority on Development (IGAD), idalule ukuthi isizoqala indlela yokuvuselela izingxoxo phakathi kwemihlambi eyalanayo eSouth Sudan, ikakhulukazi uMengameli uKirr, kanye nalowo obeyiphini lakhe uRiek Machar. Kuzokhunjulwa ukuthi, impi yombango eyaqala ngonyaka wezi-2013, iyala ukuphela eSouth Sudan, yize noma isibe miningi imizamo yokwakha ukubuyisana. Isinyathelo se-IGAD sithakaselwe ngabaningi, noma kukhona ukuthandabuza ukuthi sizoqhamuka maduzane nesisombululo, ngoba lezi zinkuzi ezimbili (uKirr noMachar) azikakhombisi nakancane ukuthi ukhona kubona ozimisele ukwehlela ngezansi. Khona manjalo, i-EU, ikhiphe uhla lwamagama abathathu okumele banswinywe (okubalwa owayengumkhuzi wezempi uGeneral Malong) ngeqhaza abalibamba ekubhebhethekiseni impi ezweni, nokunciphisa amathuba okuthi izingxoxo ezingabanjwa ezweni ziphumelele.
Okuxakayo kulesi sinqumo, futhi okucishe kufane nese-UN/USA eDRC, ukuthi kungabe i-EU ithi ingempela yilaba kuphela na abathintekayo ezenzweni ezinyantisayo zempi yombango eSouth Sudan?
Kubonakala sengathi itulo lokuphonsa unswinyo ukuze kube nezinququko like likhinyabezwe ngokuningi okufaka ezepolitiki; yizinhloso zalabo abanamandla okuthatha lezi zinyathelo. Emlandweni wala mazwe amathathu, ikakhulukazi iDRC neSouth Sudan, akuqali ukuba kudalulwe amagama alabo abazonswinywa kodwa, njengaphambilini asikho isiqiniseko sokuthi lezi zinyathelo zizoba nemithelela ekwakheni ukuthula.
- UMnu uSenzo Ngubane, uNgoti ozimele kwezocwaningo lokudala ukubuyisana nokuthula ezwenikazi i-Africa.